Thursday, June 18, 2015
Blog Moved!
In order to expand this blog with more topics, and keep it up to date we have moved this blog HERE.
Friday, November 7, 2014
Nutrient Solution Management in Recirculating Systems
Nutrie Solution Management in Recirculating Systems
Summer bibb lettuce yield and quality as impacted by nutrient tank management techniques
By: Natalie Bumgarner, PHD
In recirculating systems producing leafy crops, one of the main factors in the control of the grower is the frequency of tank changes (ie pumping out and turning over the recirculating solution). Since we generally manage the solution based on EC, we are assessing the total amount of solutes in the water. We don’t know the balance of each nutrient individually, so tank changes are carried out to try and maintain necessary levels of nutrients. Essentially, our goal is to change the nutrient solution often enough that we don’t have detrimental buildups of unused ions or depletions of important nutrients. Also keep in mind that different water sources have different background ion levels that can slow or speed up imbalances in the nutrient solution.
This tank change practice is really based on cost efficiency. There are nutrient solution management systems that have the ability to manage based on individual ions, but these are much higher cost than the typical systems installed in small to mid scale greenhouses. This system cost savings comes at the price of more frequent tank changes that maintain a safe margin of nutrients in solution.
This tank change practice is really based on cost efficiency. There are nutrient solution management systems that have the ability to manage based on individual ions, but these are much higher cost than the typical systems installed in small to mid scale greenhouses. This system cost savings comes at the price of more frequent tank changes that maintain a safe margin of nutrients in solution.
Timing and Conditions
- No supplemental lighting of any kind was used and there was no shade cloth on the greenhouse in the summer of 2014.
- Environmental data represent only the first 24 days of the experiment.
Biomass Yield by Treatment
Nutrient Solution Data
Final Nutrient Solution Data
Tuesday, October 21, 2014
Cucumber Production- An Overview of OH numbers in 2013 and 2014
Cucumber Production- An Overview of OH numbers in 2013 and 2014
By: Natalie Bumgarner, PHD
- This data covers a couple of years of data (2013, 2014). So, the goal is to present to you an overview of crop yields and schedules.
- Several of the main cultivars that we carry and that our customers use were trialed. However, these data do not represent all cultivars at all times of year, so comparisons across years are limited,
- One of the most important things to keep in mind is that these trials were carried out in relatively small blocks. Our vine crop greenhouse is mostly dedicated to tomato production, so cucumber trials took place in units of 10-20 buckets on the western side of the greenhouse.
- In some respects, these small sections of space dedicated to cucumber production are similar to many grower houses, but it is important to remember that yields can vary according to light in different locations within the greenhouse.
- These trials were all carried out in Lodi, OH, so we cannot account for location variation that may be seen in other areas or seasons.
- All of these trials were run with the plant maintained in an umbrella system. The majority of the crops were produced without pinching and were removed when the main leader reached the floor after traveling up to the wire and back down.
Environmental Overview
*40% white shade cloth was installed July 16th and removed August 20th, so these solar radiation averages reflect the loss of light in the greenhouse due to shading. Additionally, in the warmest and most humid portions of the summer, some condensation on the plastic also reduced incoming radiation.
** Data not available
Spring/Summer 2014- Eldora Cucumber
Harvest Period in Detail- Mini 2014
This overview has thrown quite a bit of data at you the reader, but hopefully some of it has been useful. I would like to close with a few comments and certainly feel free to email or call with any further questions.
- Due to management and environmental factors, these yield numbers are not appropriate for basing production estimates in your operation.
- That being said, there are some general trends that can be useful to you in planning. Typically, growers can produce from 3 to 5 (or even more if all mini) crops in the greenhouse per year. It is clear from these numbers, though, that those crops are not likely to have the same number of days. It was common for the fall and winter crops to be in the buckets longer to produce similar yield per plant.
- Comparing the smaller cucumber data to the long English data is also useful. It is clear that the plants will often have harvestable fruit at a younger age and provide more harvestable fruit per plant. This more rapid maturation and heavier fruit load (by #) is much of the reason that the cropping cycle is typically shorter for the mini cucumber.
- One element not covered in detail in this trial is the fact that training methods can be important. We typically use a version of the umbrella method that allow the plant to grow up and over the support cable and then back down. More intensive training systems and pruning methods (we did not allow fruit to bear on lateral branches) would impact fruit load and yield. Likewise, we used a low plant density to reduce crop management burden and optimize light interception and yield.
Friday, September 12, 2014
Summer 2014 Oakleaf Trial
Summer 2014 Oakleaf Trial
Natalie Bumgarner, PHD
Timing and Conditions
Biomass Yield
Media Impacts
- I haven’t really focused often on the environmental data in previous blogs- mostly saying that through a four run trial, there was quite a bit of environmental variability. This trial, though, I want to point out that over a four month period in northeastern OH, we probably won’t find many data sets with this similar a set of conditions. Carbon dioxide stayed quite consistent and especially across the last three runs, the temperature and light were also quite similar. Humidity did increase under warmer summer conditions as the wet wall ran for longer periods of time to reach cooling set points. Due to similar environmental conditions, we also followed fairly consistent transplant and harvest schedules through the four runs I comment on the environmental conditions because it is clear that some variability still exists in crop growth rates and final yield even with reasonably similar temperature and light conditions (similar for a greenhouse meaning outside a growth chamber, etc.).
- Having discussed the reasonably similar environments, this leads to some serious questions about why there was so much variability in the weights reported in earlier tables. One key reason is that we experienced some seed quality and germination issues. This was most clear in the Panisse and Oscarde cultivars where germination was inconsistent in the first three runs (we switched to a new seed lot in the 4th run). This led to uneven growth or not even having enough seedlings to provide the 15 plants of each cultivar in each media. A glance at the standard deviations in the previous slides illustrates that these two cultivars were generally more variable than the other three. Germination and plant stand likely had a strong influence on those deviations.
- The third and final thing I want to talk about is related to the other two points of discussion. The use of three different growing media had some interesting general impacts. I inserted runs 1 and 4 into the above table because they represent the most complete data sets. Overall, for the Kireve, Rouxai, and Rutiali cultivars, peat cubes tended to show the potential for yield increases. These trends were not repeated and were in some cases reversed in the cultivars where germination and plant stand were less consistent (Panisse and Oscarde). Does that suggest that peat performs differently in some cultivars over others? I cannot say that this is not the case, but I can put forth another idea. It may be that in seed lots and cultivars with strong vigor and rapid germination, peat can be an asset to seedling production and plant growth. However, rockwool and/or oasis may be providing better environments for germination and early growth in less high quality seeds. More investigation is certainly needed as there is definitely room for improvement in our seedling production, and further work will help us better understand whether we are dealing with a seed, media, or environmental issue.
Plant Images
Kireve- Run 4 |
Oscarde- Run 4 |
Panisse- Run 4 |
Rutilai- Run 4 |
Rouxai- Run 4 |
Monday, August 4, 2014
Branching out with Brassicas - Summer trial in NFT production in Ohio
Branching out with Brassicas
Summer trial in NFT production in Ohio
Natalie Bumgarner, PHD
These options present growers a chance to diversify to attract new customers as well as provide more product to existing customers. One of the challenges with any new crop is understanding its production capacity to assist in pricing and tailoring production to anticipated demand. Also, there is the potential for higher light and temperature to negatively impact quality in the summer as is the case for some lettuce and other leafy crops. This trial was designed to evaluate a selection of Brassica crops as well as amaranth (not a Brassica, by the way) under summer conditions. Rather than extensively trialing multiple cultivars of the same crop, the goal was to evaluate production capacity and crop quality of a selection of alternative leafy crop
options to lay a broad foundation for future work.
Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened cubes. Three media were compared in this trial- rockwool (25 x 40 mm), Oasis (162 count Horticube XL), and a peat media (162 count, Grow-Tech). Seeds were germinated in clear water in seeding trays, and were transferred to the nursery and nutrient solution 3 to 5 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution in the nursery for an additional week to two weeks before transplanting (no supplemental lighting was provided during the seedling phase). After transplanting, plants were grown out in the channel until harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the Fertroller where automatic pH and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.7 to 1.8 by the addition of concentrated fertilizer solution and source water.
Timing and Conditions
Biomass Yield
* Amaranth was seeded with multiple seeds per cube as is typical in production, but this increased the yield variability. - First, I should report that there were very few quality issues with any of these crops in these trials. They grew through the OH spring and summer conditions quite well with no losses or issues to speak of.
- Second, and most clear in the data, we can see that the yield potential of these crops is wide ranging. That is really an understatement. In fact, we had to use two different scales to weigh these trials. Besides our scale challenge, there are two key grower impacts. One is the fact that timing of transplanting and harvest really should be varied. The kale maybe could have been grown a bit longer and the WinWin Choi should have been harvested earlier for highest quality. The other important point is that it will be important for any grower going into sales with such crops to do a few trials before setting prices. We can often count on bibb lettuce to finish out at predictable weights at predictable times, so prices can be set and costs calculated simply. When selling and pricing kale, pac choi and the like, be aware that yields and therefore input costs per weight of produce vary. Don’t undersell yourself early in the process of growing a new crop.
- Thirdly, the impact of our different growing media was not clear in these trials. This is certainly my least favorite point as unclear results frustrate every researcher. In looking at the yield trends between the two runs, the differences (or lack thereof) between rockwool, oasis, and the Grow-Tech cubes were not consistent. In run 1, the peat cubes tended to perform better while that was not seen in run 2. Environmental conditions were reasonably consistent in these two trials, so that is unlikely to be the primary cause for these inconsistencies. I am hesitant to draw too strong a conclusion about this on early trials, but I will say that it may be differences in germination speed, moisture content (and therefore fertility), temperature and the like early in crop growth that led to these variations. We generally deal with pelleted lettuce seed that produces very consistent germination and early growth. Because these Brassica crops are not bred for controlled environment production, their response to small differences in conditions may not be as well understood at this point in time. More focus on the seedling aspect may well be needed.
Notice the difference in germination rate and seedling size between the five crops in this trial. Tiny amaranth seedlings are in the back of the tray. |
Plant Images from Run 1
Toscano Kale- At harvest (44 days after seeding)
Red Giant Mustard- 44 days after seeding
Red Choi- 44 days after seeding
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