tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76350190302331232442024-03-12T20:05:15.094-07:00From the CropKing GreenhouseUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-69488141634283681902015-06-18T07:05:00.000-07:002015-06-18T07:05:24.562-07:00Blog Moved!In order to expand this blog with more topics, and keep it up to date we have moved this blog <a href="https://www.cropking.com/blog">HERE</a>.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-65647684908456293592014-11-07T09:32:00.000-08:002014-11-07T09:32:03.850-08:00Nutrient Solution Management in Recirculating Systems<div>
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Nutrie Solution Management in Recirculating Systems</div>
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Summer bibb lettuce yield and quality as impacted by nutrient tank management techniques</div>
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<i>By: Natalie Bumgarner, PHD</i></div>
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<b>Introduction</b><div>
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In recirculating systems producing leafy crops, one of the main factors in the control of the grower is the frequency of tank changes (ie pumping out and turning over the recirculating solution). Since we generally manage the solution based on EC, we are assessing the total amount of solutes in the water. We don’t know the balance of each nutrient individually, so tank changes are carried out to try and maintain necessary levels of nutrients. Essentially, our goal is to change the nutrient solution often enough that we don’t have detrimental buildups of unused ions or depletions of important nutrients. Also keep in mind that different water sources have different background ion levels that can slow or speed up imbalances in the nutrient solution. <b><br /></b><br /> This tank change practice is really based on cost efficiency. There are nutrient solution management systems that have the ability to manage based on individual ions, but these are much higher cost than the typical systems installed in small to mid scale greenhouses. This system cost savings comes at the price of more frequent tank changes that maintain a safe margin of nutrients in solution. </div>
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<b>Management methods</b><div>
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Without installing a new nutrient management system, there are methods to try and extend time between reservoir changes. One common method is the addition of small amounts of nutrient concentrate that address the most commonly depleted nutrient ions. Typically, these additions focus on N, K, and P. In this trial, the daily additions were intended to provide 10 ppm N and P, and 15 ppm K. An ion that can increase over time in some solutions is Ca (from source water and calcium nitrate additions). So, potassium nitrate and monopotassium phosphate were the fertilizer materials added to avoid adding Ca. Additionally, some treatments were formulated with a slightly lower initial Ca target to see if this could limit Ca increases in solution over time. The goal of this nutrient tank change test was to investigate how additions of nutrients compared to tank changes in these normal and low calcium nutrient formulations. This trial was carried out in our experimental system where we have the ability to provide four different nutrient solutions. Four treatments were based on these solutions and goals. 1) Normal solution with one tank change at midway point in production (8/25), 2) Normal solution with no tank change but daily additions of KNO3 and KH2PO4 after tank change was carried out in other treatments, 3) Lower calcium solution with one tank change during production (8/25), 4) Lower calcium solution with no tank changes but daily additions of KNO3 and KH2PO4 after tank change was carried out in other treatments. <div>
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<b>Plant Management</b><div>
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Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” cubes. Seeds were germinated in 9” nursery channels that were receiving a continuous flow of nutrient solutions set at experimental levels. After 13 days, seedlings were transplanted to the production NFT channels at a spacing of 8” on centers. After transplanting, plants were grown in 4 ¾” channels until harvest. The nutrient solution was automatically and continually adjusted to maintain a target pH of 6.0. Electrical conductivity was maintained at 1.8 for all treatments through the entire experiment from seeding onward. These trials were carried out in a system designed to pull from four different 40 gallon nutrient tanks so that differing solution treatments discussed above could be tested in a randomized block design. At harvest, shoot fresh weight and a visual rating of tipburn was recorded individually for each head. <div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Timing and Conditions</b></span></div>
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<li><i>No supplemental lighting of any kind was used and there was no shade cloth on the greenhouse in the summer of 2014. </i></li>
<li><i>Environmental data represent only the first 24 days of the experiment.</i></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Biomass Yield by Treatment</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Nutrient Solution Data</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Final Nutrient Solution Data</span></b></div>
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<b>Discussion on the trial</b><div>
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There are some interesting points to bring out looking at the data presented on both plant and solution variables. <div>
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1) In this trial, there were not significant differences in final fresh weight yield in the four treatments as is clear by overlapping confidence intervals. Likewise, there were no distinct differences in tipburn ratings (intervals not shown). There was quite a bit of variability in the tipburn rating among treatments, and more work will be needed to see if less frequent tank changes may increase the risk of tipburn. While covering these results, I want to make sure to point out that this is a preliminary study and additional work should follow. It is intended to lay the foundation rather than provide a prescription for current changes to nutrient solutions. This test was designed to replicate as closely as possible the starting point of solution conditions that would be present in the systems of many of the growers. More advanced questions and detailed work would follow to develop recommendations about practical steps that growers could take to prolong the distance between refreshing the solution in you nutrient tank. Keep in mind that individual conditions in source water will have a strong impact of whether trends observed in this work would or could be replicated elsewhere. <div>
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2) In the area of essential nutrients, we see that some of our original assumptions were not necessarily correct. Reviewing the solution data, we can see that calcium levels actually did not increase to undesirable levels over the course of the experiment. In fact, these solution values indicate that Ca in the normal recipe was probably more in line than in the low Ca solution. Mg was present in fairly consistent and generally adequate levels throughout the trial. By the end of the trial, N was present in all solutions, but certainly not in excessive amounts. K and P were present is quite sufficient amounts. With K and P, it is likely that adjustments could even be made to our daily addition recipe to optimize these levels. P could be lower in treatments 3 and 4. Probably the most detrimental attributes of the solution that are revealed by these samples was the increase in S and Na content by the end of the trial. One key way that several of these issues could be addressed is by the use of a nitric acid solution instead of a sulfuric acid solution to lower the pH. This would increase the level of N without needing to add K (as is necessary in the addition of KNO3) and also reduce the buildup of S in solution. The increasing levels of Na in solution were caused by source water conditions and are much harder to change. More testing will be necessary to determine of the increased Na levels over time were detrimental to lettuce quality. Finally, it is important to note that lower levels of some micronutrients, especially Mn were observed in this study. If tank change intervals are to be increased, then daily additions should likely be including the most highly used micronutrients, and higher initial targets likely needed to be started to prevent deficiencies even under regular tank change intervals. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-79674259190287200812014-10-21T05:23:00.000-07:002014-10-21T05:23:37.196-07:00Cucumber Production- An Overview of OH numbers in 2013 and 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Cucumber Production- An Overview of OH numbers in 2013 and 2014</div>
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<i>By: Natalie Bumgarner, PHD</i></div>
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<b>Overview and Data Considerations</b><br />
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<ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyr6p63c3sZ-WU-gi6Y_O46T9tb6ij5tHMbvzi2N2E4K0fo21LwRMghKW98K-Q_czNEXxaKdxgtXeJarHHQVsxJv25kKL1kteAI9Q-O-reUQYvcK6QPYZryJxU5ZiEw-FTD9W-h2RdUQ/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyr6p63c3sZ-WU-gi6Y_O46T9tb6ij5tHMbvzi2N2E4K0fo21LwRMghKW98K-Q_czNEXxaKdxgtXeJarHHQVsxJv25kKL1kteAI9Q-O-reUQYvcK6QPYZryJxU5ZiEw-FTD9W-h2RdUQ/s1600/Picture1.jpg" height="400" width="242" /></a>
<li>This data covers a couple of years of data (2013, 2014). So, the goal is to present to you an overview of crop yields and schedules. </li>
<li>Several of the main cultivars that we carry and that our customers use were trialed. However, these data do not represent all cultivars at all times of year, so comparisons across years are limited, </li>
<li>One of the most important things to keep in mind is that these trials were carried out in relatively small blocks. Our vine crop greenhouse is mostly dedicated to tomato production, so cucumber trials took place in units of 10-20 buckets on the western side of the greenhouse. </li>
<li>In some respects, these small sections of space dedicated to cucumber production are similar to many grower houses, but it is important to remember that yields can vary according to light in different locations within the greenhouse. </li>
<li>These trials were all carried out in Lodi, OH, so we cannot account for location variation that may be seen in other areas or seasons. </li>
<li>All of these trials were run with the plant maintained in an umbrella system. The majority of the crops were produced without pinching and were removed when the main leader reached the floor after traveling up to the wire and back down.</li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Environmental Overview</span></b></div>
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<i>*40% white shade cloth was installed July 16th and removed August 20th, so these solar radiation averages reflect the loss of light in the greenhouse due to shading. Additionally, in the warmest and most humid portions of the summer, some condensation on the plastic also reduced incoming radiation. <br />** Data not available </i><br />
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*No shade cloth was installed in the greenhouse in 2014, so all light as represented above is the full amount allowed through the greenhouse covering.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQfAk80NvX5UdXsnxZ0dY_5wsPiLpNeSs9T5d75-3DNgFC_YWPgFQO4K9eCR75UF4hJwmiEQEq0-2xTbFW-amgVQyRvFPJapB-lc2W7TfxenPlIQxZLs8Uk22icyvm4lH0ikkrrVc1mg/s1600/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQfAk80NvX5UdXsnxZ0dY_5wsPiLpNeSs9T5d75-3DNgFC_YWPgFQO4K9eCR75UF4hJwmiEQEq0-2xTbFW-amgVQyRvFPJapB-lc2W7TfxenPlIQxZLs8Uk22icyvm4lH0ikkrrVc1mg/s1600/Picture6.png" height="320" width="310" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Spring 2013- Manar Cucumber</b></span></div>
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Manar cucumbers are Beit Alpha or mini cucumbers. This cultivar tends to produce a mid-sized fruit. We often harvested at 6 to 8 inches in length. Manar has high resistance to powdery mildew, so it is recommended for spring through summer production. It is a generative plant that will produce multiple fruit per node; however, we generally only harvested one fruit per node in this trial. In this crop, plants were grown with 8 ft2 per plant ( one plant per Bato bucket). Fruit were removed on the first 8 -10 nodes and that is one of the reasons for the long period of time from transplant to first pick. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Spring/Summer 2014- Eldora Cucumber</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIjU8jKfFrZhhsyE3YKQoatvPM6UqXfuKjauERtRNi95BkMisQZdc-5ZG4dQrcdV3sDKxEn0NpRe1yy1NhRP45R9tICTI6G0pfXMk61Fgnm_K8pAD7yZ5jcmL7hy_vSnPpvkxYBLozLE/s1600/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIjU8jKfFrZhhsyE3YKQoatvPM6UqXfuKjauERtRNi95BkMisQZdc-5ZG4dQrcdV3sDKxEn0NpRe1yy1NhRP45R9tICTI6G0pfXMk61Fgnm_K8pAD7yZ5jcmL7hy_vSnPpvkxYBLozLE/s1600/Picture7.png" height="400" width="387" /></a></div>
Eldora cucumbers are a long English cultivar. Fruit are generally harvested at 12 to 15 inches in length. Eldora has high resistance to powdery mildew, so it is recommended for spring through summer production. In this crop, plants were grown with 8 ft2 per plant ( one plant per Bato bucket). Fruit were removed on approximately the first 5 nodes, and only one fruit per node was allowed to mature to harvestable size. <div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Harvest Period in Detail- Mini 2014</span></b></div>
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<i>*Total harvest weight per picking for the entire crop cycle</i><div>
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<b>A few closing thoughts</b><div>
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This overview has thrown quite a bit of data at you the reader, but hopefully some of it has been useful. I would like to close with a few comments and certainly feel free to email or call with any further questions. <div>
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<li>Due to management and environmental factors, these yield numbers are not appropriate for basing production estimates in your operation. </li>
<li>That being said, there are some general trends that can be useful to you in planning. Typically, growers can produce from 3 to 5 (or even more if all mini) crops in the greenhouse per year. It is clear from these numbers, though, that those crops are not likely to have the same number of days. It was common for the fall and winter crops to be in the buckets longer to produce similar yield per plant. </li>
<li>Comparing the smaller cucumber data to the long English data is also useful. It is clear that the plants will often have harvestable fruit at a younger age and provide more harvestable fruit per plant. This more rapid maturation and heavier fruit load (by #) is much of the reason that the cropping cycle is typically shorter for the mini cucumber. </li>
<li>One element not covered in detail in this trial is the fact that training methods can be important. We typically use a version of the umbrella method that allow the plant to grow up and over the support cable and then back down. More intensive training systems and pruning methods (we did not allow fruit to bear on lateral branches) would impact fruit load and yield. Likewise, we used a low plant density to reduce crop management burden and optimize light interception and yield.</li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-81047131405476600992014-09-12T06:09:00.000-07:002014-09-17T05:23:21.660-07:00Summer 2014 Oakleaf Trial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Summer 2014 Oakleaf Trial</b></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Natalie Bumgarner, PHD</i></div>
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<b>Methods and Management</b><br />
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Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” cubes of three different media (Grodan 200 ct rockwool, Oasis XL 162, and GrowTech 162). Seeds were germinated in clear water in seeding trays, and were transferred to the nursery and nutrient solution 3 to 5 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution in the nursery for an additional 10 to 12 days before transplanting. Due to the season, no supplemental lighting was provided during the seedling phase. After transplanting, plants were grown out in the channels for 25 to 28 days until harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the Fertroller where automatic pH and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.7 by the addition of concentrated fertilizer solution and source water. Tank changes were carried out every two weeks. <br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Timing and Conditions</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Biomass Yield</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhDDGb21ZkSAst6hwyNekuONndAEwwWauMm-gB-Yj-NkRCuX-0RjQ3IDPEbfZav6h0lmyvr4CcbywAF6YGjcUK9ADJqiAU0kmOoG-O2XgYVYZ0ER9NsExsfy6q7XjUy1t5dUo8hVjh44/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhDDGb21ZkSAst6hwyNekuONndAEwwWauMm-gB-Yj-NkRCuX-0RjQ3IDPEbfZav6h0lmyvr4CcbywAF6YGjcUK9ADJqiAU0kmOoG-O2XgYVYZ0ER9NsExsfy6q7XjUy1t5dUo8hVjh44/s1600/Picture1.png" height="305" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Media Impacts</span></b></b></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2WfdGg6hUJrcmPSnUo5G58tw_ljsB2JkwVbyX10tp04vgg1ISvWW5WXTsHMRWGXK4n7VTg2NLKY4t0vjPr3Qa3dOU9fPbTYiFeGHf01P9F9_plStAy0nyqjE7ocPBMSRk_o4hKWFBKXs/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2WfdGg6hUJrcmPSnUo5G58tw_ljsB2JkwVbyX10tp04vgg1ISvWW5WXTsHMRWGXK4n7VTg2NLKY4t0vjPr3Qa3dOU9fPbTYiFeGHf01P9F9_plStAy0nyqjE7ocPBMSRk_o4hKWFBKXs/s1600/Picture4.png" height="336" width="640" /></a></b></div>
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Some comments on the trial</b><br />
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Looking over the environmental and yield data, there are some interesting points and items that I would like to pull out and discuss a bit.<br />
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<li>I haven’t really focused often on the environmental data in previous blogs- mostly saying that through a four run trial, there was quite a bit of environmental variability. This trial, though, I want to point out that over a four month period in northeastern OH, we probably won’t find many data sets with this similar a set of conditions. Carbon dioxide stayed quite consistent and especially across the last three runs, the temperature and light were also quite similar. Humidity did increase under warmer summer conditions as the wet wall ran for longer periods of time to reach cooling set points. Due to similar environmental conditions, we also followed fairly consistent transplant and harvest schedules through the four runs I comment on the environmental conditions because it is clear that some variability still exists in crop growth rates and final yield even with reasonably similar temperature and light conditions (similar for a greenhouse meaning outside a growth chamber, etc.).</li>
<li>Having discussed the reasonably similar environments, this leads to some serious questions about why there was so much variability in the weights reported in earlier tables. One key reason is that we experienced some seed quality and germination issues. This was most clear in the Panisse and Oscarde cultivars where germination was inconsistent in the first three runs (we switched to a new seed lot in the 4th run). This led to uneven growth or not even having enough seedlings to provide the 15 plants of each cultivar in each media. A glance at the standard deviations in the previous slides illustrates that these two cultivars were generally more variable than the other three. Germination and plant stand likely had a strong influence on those deviations.</li>
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<li>The third and final thing I want to talk about is related to the other two points of discussion. The use of three different growing media had some interesting general impacts. I inserted runs 1 and 4 into the above table because they represent the most complete data sets. Overall, for the Kireve, Rouxai, and Rutiali cultivars, peat cubes tended to show the potential for yield increases. These trends were not repeated and were in some cases reversed in the cultivars where germination and plant stand were less consistent (Panisse and Oscarde). Does that suggest that peat performs differently in some cultivars over others? I cannot say that this is not the case, but I can put forth another idea. It may be that in seed lots and cultivars with strong vigor and rapid germination, peat can be an asset to seedling production and plant growth. However, rockwool and/or oasis may be providing better environments for germination and early growth in less high quality seeds. More investigation is certainly needed as there is definitely room for improvement in our seedling production, and further work will help us better understand whether we are dealing with a seed, media, or environmental issue.</li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">Kireve- Run 4</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">Oscarde- Run 4</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">Rutilai- Run 4 </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">Rouxai- Run 4 </span></td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-31169180810073788782014-08-04T08:34:00.000-07:002014-08-04T08:34:30.965-07:00Branching out with Brassicas - Summer trial in NFT production in Ohio<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Branching out with Brassicas</b></div>
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Summer trial in NFT production in Ohio</div>
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<i>Natalie Bumgarner, PHD</i></div>
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<b>Introduction</b><br />
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In the greenhouses that I visit and crops I discuss with growers, it is clear that lettuce still fills a majority of plant spaces in the NFT system. However, we field an increasing number of questions about the many other leafy crop possibilities. Many of the other leafy options are in the Brassica family - cabbage cousins, essentially. These include kale, mustard, mizuna, and pac choi most commonly. <br />
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These options present growers a chance to diversify to attract new customers as well as provide more product to existing customers. One of the challenges with any new crop is understanding its production capacity to assist in pricing and tailoring production to anticipated demand. Also, there is the potential for higher light and temperature to negatively impact quality in the summer as is the case for some lettuce and other leafy crops. This trial was designed to evaluate a selection of Brassica crops as well as amaranth (not a Brassica, by the way) under summer conditions. Rather than extensively trialing multiple cultivars of the same crop, the goal was to evaluate production capacity and crop quality of a selection of alternative leafy crop<br />
options to lay a broad foundation for future work. <br />
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<b>Methods and Management</b><br />
Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened cubes. Three media were compared in this trial- rockwool (25 x 40 mm), Oasis (162 count Horticube XL), and a peat media (162 count, Grow-Tech). Seeds were germinated in clear water in seeding trays, and were transferred to the nursery and nutrient solution 3 to 5 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution in the nursery for an additional week to two weeks before transplanting (no supplemental lighting was provided during the seedling phase). After transplanting, plants were grown out in the channel until harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the Fertroller where automatic pH and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.7 to 1.8 by the addition of concentrated fertilizer solution and source water.<br />
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<i>* This trial measured single harvest yields to produce the most accurate and comparable yield totals. However, some growers may harvest single leaves or leaflets from kale or amaranth plants. This could increase the total yield per plant but require additional time in the channel and quite honestly make comparisons much more challenging. </i><br />
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<b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Timing and Conditions</span></b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Biomass Yield</span></b></div>
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<i>* Amaranth was seeded with multiple seeds per cube as is typical in production, but this increased the yield variability. </i><br />
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<b>Some thoughts on the trial</b><br />
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After considering these trials, there are a few things that I would like to bring up for discussion.<br />
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<li>First, I should report that there were very few quality issues with any of these crops in these trials. They grew through the OH spring and summer conditions quite well with no losses or issues to speak of.</li>
<li>Second, and most clear in the data, we can see that the yield potential of these crops is wide ranging. That is really an understatement. In fact, we had to use two different scales to weigh these trials. Besides our scale challenge, there are two key grower impacts. One is the fact that timing of transplanting and harvest really should be varied. The kale maybe could have been grown a bit longer and the WinWin Choi should have been harvested earlier for highest quality. The other important point is that it will be important for any grower going into sales with such crops to do a few trials before setting prices. We can often count on bibb lettuce to finish out at predictable weights at predictable times, so prices can be set and costs calculated simply. When selling and pricing kale, pac choi and the like, be aware that yields and therefore input costs per weight of produce vary. Don’t undersell yourself early in the process of growing a new crop.</li>
<li>Thirdly, the impact of our different growing media was not clear in these trials. This is certainly my least favorite point as unclear results frustrate every researcher. In looking at the yield trends between the two runs, the differences (or lack thereof) between rockwool, oasis, and the Grow-Tech cubes were not consistent. In run 1, the peat cubes tended to perform better while that was not seen in run 2. Environmental conditions were reasonably consistent in these two trials, so that is unlikely to be the primary cause for these inconsistencies. I am hesitant to draw too strong a conclusion about this on early trials, but I will say that it may be differences in germination speed, moisture content (and therefore fertility), temperature and the like early in crop growth that led to these variations. We generally deal with pelleted lettuce seed that produces very consistent germination and early growth. Because these Brassica crops are not bred for controlled environment production, their response to small differences in conditions may not be as well understood at this point in time. More focus on the seedling aspect may well be needed.</li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlmfDKnlCOPiHqr17UBdfjzbGFHYgGthnNpFc3AyQfAgXfdEo2erF50r8_6TmX8MtMddEj9gRZUMdWeTWq-CJ7YSfW_hn9ICaJVlgNC-nZBZN9fQCYHWdotIyrTvk2i94MY0mGdJ7ms04/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlmfDKnlCOPiHqr17UBdfjzbGFHYgGthnNpFc3AyQfAgXfdEo2erF50r8_6TmX8MtMddEj9gRZUMdWeTWq-CJ7YSfW_hn9ICaJVlgNC-nZBZN9fQCYHWdotIyrTvk2i94MY0mGdJ7ms04/s1600/Picture5.jpg" height="640" width="537" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Notice the difference in germination rate and seedling size between the five crops in this trial. Tiny amaranth seedlings are in the back of the tray.</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Plant Images from Run 1</span></b><br />
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Toscano Kale- At harvest (44 days after seeding) </b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTkE9Gjzkyw9-f9u0jeKbJ1g4sljZMM_lz1oXgRFs0RtuSOwHLWyiDbmC6jeia_Nbr-GU4G5z4miu2ah1he96QAMk9tG85jKAy6ExKRVKp5th3zPLWQi7ubyZrNbVyRp-bVas-LfdpoO4/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTkE9Gjzkyw9-f9u0jeKbJ1g4sljZMM_lz1oXgRFs0RtuSOwHLWyiDbmC6jeia_Nbr-GU4G5z4miu2ah1he96QAMk9tG85jKAy6ExKRVKp5th3zPLWQi7ubyZrNbVyRp-bVas-LfdpoO4/s1600/Picture6.jpg" height="480" width="305" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Red Giant Mustard- 44 days after seeding</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><b>Red Choi- 44 days after seeding</b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><b>WinWin Choi- 44 days after seeding</b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Red Leaf Amaranth- 44 days after seeding</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2014 Tomato Trials- Summer Sneak Peak</span></b></div>
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<i>Natalie Bumgarner, PHD</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Trial Overview</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For many of the producers that we serve, beefsteak tomatoes are a large majority of their production. However, trends in consumption and competition are increasing interest in specialty cultivars. From demand for farm to school salad bar items to farmers market mixed baskets, there are a range of options for small fruited and colored tomatoes. While visual interest and taste are critical in these cultivars, it is essential that production be adequate and relatively consistent over the season. These two questions are the reason behind this trial. Exhaustive yield data is not possible on the scale that we trial in our test greenhouse, but early evaluation is essential to begin to make suggestions for growers. So, this evaluation was carried out on small plots of fifteen cultivars to assess plant production throughout the season. These are preliminary trials to determine what cultivars to trial more extensively in the future.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Plant Management</span></b></div>
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•All ungrafted seedlings transplanted from 1.5” rockwool cubes into perlite filled Bato buckets <br />
•Plant density was 4 ft2 per plant or 2.7 plants/m2 <br />
•Began feeding seedlings at 1.5 mS/cm EC and increased feed to 2.2-2.4 mS/cm as mature plants <br />
•Target leach ECs were 0.4-0.6 above feed ECs (2.6 to 3.0 mS/cm) <br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Italia- Roma</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Itaca- Roma</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Prunus- Roma</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Colored Plums</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiULtZpdk7KuJdlLxMAJU5hLAQnvkxICCncf0zOQTwVuXbBy-tL7vnhkguRc5EfzSE_90b2cDfGrhUniPLcJ7XqemH1MreHmZzRsarfAWCJPfLMVq1AbiyoujQ7M_QVO-qlSdqhkX7emik/s1600/Picture10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiULtZpdk7KuJdlLxMAJU5hLAQnvkxICCncf0zOQTwVuXbBy-tL7vnhkguRc5EfzSE_90b2cDfGrhUniPLcJ7XqemH1MreHmZzRsarfAWCJPfLMVq1AbiyoujQ7M_QVO-qlSdqhkX7emik/s1600/Picture10.jpg" height="170" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">tiger plum</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">small pink</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2jtyeHtOMfp8Vh8Ofzl41Rfm5ydgdHgWR_svb52lRq8dm4o2At4sIzRvCUsGWUtUNI8KiLuxRKySRT1xepz1VZhn_iSlW0J9c20gh0c-o6KV0u4b1TzU4WUbvrXr660GX6XGSwk9nG9U/s1600/Picture13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2jtyeHtOMfp8Vh8Ofzl41Rfm5ydgdHgWR_svb52lRq8dm4o2At4sIzRvCUsGWUtUNI8KiLuxRKySRT1xepz1VZhn_iSlW0J9c20gh0c-o6KV0u4b1TzU4WUbvrXr660GX6XGSwk9nG9U/s1600/Picture13.jpg" height="420" width="280" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht5nBoIlF4N-cTCKxibLShT2RO6quCmzMOGSVA9rTuF6qLcPNCLYH2TwK2HV2bX4RxY0gg4Nl9ARemjBVZ7aMiIIBc96KhjfbOb-8zS3vRj0Zvm4idTshP85SZzRuw_FQRWZ6zi3pSZ70/s1600/Picture12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht5nBoIlF4N-cTCKxibLShT2RO6quCmzMOGSVA9rTuF6qLcPNCLYH2TwK2HV2bX4RxY0gg4Nl9ARemjBVZ7aMiIIBc96KhjfbOb-8zS3vRj0Zvm4idTshP85SZzRuw_FQRWZ6zi3pSZ70/s1600/Picture12.jpg" height="420" width="280" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>0603</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-H2pg3yG90OawrWwCoHk36mOatSI5aEBRh-S1qaEyEeggvmna1qguFexzG1fLYabrA0edwJ8Oo53C0WxWdbwYa0HaYzu9BX7awlFK5dYFpxhZlW9kyuM_pTziDN7VH1VVSyp4SDM24w/s1600/Picture15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-H2pg3yG90OawrWwCoHk36mOatSI5aEBRh-S1qaEyEeggvmna1qguFexzG1fLYabrA0edwJ8Oo53C0WxWdbwYa0HaYzu9BX7awlFK5dYFpxhZlW9kyuM_pTziDN7VH1VVSyp4SDM24w/s1600/Picture15.jpg" height="160" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_yNSMxBsa9n9U18s7VwzLOywOhJ8eJ1_VDMC72NlOPQYqvz2fWiPHkjHB-oQnFTZJq47gyPwpDi3csjcl3h6Pq6DV298qiX8JL6Byx2xeYG8LEC1sG-SRthJf6e83BTktyPFnNYnPjg0/s1600/Picture14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_yNSMxBsa9n9U18s7VwzLOywOhJ8eJ1_VDMC72NlOPQYqvz2fWiPHkjHB-oQnFTZJq47gyPwpDi3csjcl3h6Pq6DV298qiX8JL6Byx2xeYG8LEC1sG-SRthJf6e83BTktyPFnNYnPjg0/s1600/Picture14.jpg" height="160" style="cursor: move;" width="300" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>72-163RZ</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWTpQPpoNgMm5W6b6r_EAoXO9G5BPBTiTD2kOPBTvtd2c1GCllIP7fCDRXrtksm8i4UDb6b-_GkBrdBEe3fgTGf_PS0HmIF2ifomRfebcMDN2ddJnUKO6Ou8Ij4sQ4aps4a1rzHXH5CN8/s1600/Picture16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWTpQPpoNgMm5W6b6r_EAoXO9G5BPBTiTD2kOPBTvtd2c1GCllIP7fCDRXrtksm8i4UDb6b-_GkBrdBEe3fgTGf_PS0HmIF2ifomRfebcMDN2ddJnUKO6Ou8Ij4sQ4aps4a1rzHXH5CN8/s1600/Picture16.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Zebrino</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BuSWNPkyV6XKB2SwxdRMjRTqwWXQYn3S-Lp5IwkY3RUHa-RacS9UxFQuslgf_wUFJUWv7L2qRCDLRLQdId_Wrtdj25ue2LBMShdNnIIZL2xYS6f8J6Tt-A8lEv_RUnaPUyD9J_iiEEQ/s1600/Picture17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BuSWNPkyV6XKB2SwxdRMjRTqwWXQYn3S-Lp5IwkY3RUHa-RacS9UxFQuslgf_wUFJUWv7L2qRCDLRLQdId_Wrtdj25ue2LBMShdNnIIZL2xYS6f8J6Tt-A8lEv_RUnaPUyD9J_iiEEQ/s1600/Picture17.jpg" height="160" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguo_Q3jO9WqJ5gVBmNl1qZfc-o7AQ1E6y_ABWq1HH3svQQoahXpS7dCzRHsj1CyfDkjISUnIpBPefSkkfs4wcPLPq8K6Cu4atX7iOkhCILIP-5SrphSAAS25JWWWGgWFbdVlpQJmTcsjo/s1600/Picture18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguo_Q3jO9WqJ5gVBmNl1qZfc-o7AQ1E6y_ABWq1HH3svQQoahXpS7dCzRHsj1CyfDkjISUnIpBPefSkkfs4wcPLPq8K6Cu4atX7iOkhCILIP-5SrphSAAS25JWWWGgWFbdVlpQJmTcsjo/s1600/Picture18.jpg" height="160" width="300" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Cantina Purple</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy06zOaQdu7TTayezmvC8E76tycDIWinAhWHuPT7lxQ-dS-WmJaE3sxnns6tkU3QW0KLB2VEfdxX_FiEN1COdxs0inUQcsTu_QRGDRE-dok9njTQ1Lmlv8u7fXhZhz2n4PRt26-tL6ccg/s1600/Picture19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy06zOaQdu7TTayezmvC8E76tycDIWinAhWHuPT7lxQ-dS-WmJaE3sxnns6tkU3QW0KLB2VEfdxX_FiEN1COdxs0inUQcsTu_QRGDRE-dok9njTQ1Lmlv8u7fXhZhz2n4PRt26-tL6ccg/s1600/Picture19.jpg" height="160" style="cursor: move;" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLx9fYHZfdI9dFU3_KsBNtLsMOq2J5nUtalpAnS9PNjVRXApq2opB4w8lVf2tfQ6PM_Wm05zROSTI9QDdizpaXj3sQpyUwh3V-Q-_XukwePVjX3dv6xajfex_V0_8G855phSbye8joBfg/s1600/Picture20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLx9fYHZfdI9dFU3_KsBNtLsMOq2J5nUtalpAnS9PNjVRXApq2opB4w8lVf2tfQ6PM_Wm05zROSTI9QDdizpaXj3sQpyUwh3V-Q-_XukwePVjX3dv6xajfex_V0_8G855phSbye8joBfg/s1600/Picture20.jpg" height="160" style="cursor: move;" width="300" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Vacetto</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl5AuA-f66H0gX5DlDcnvZ8IpSK3uQ0nXa6JAEFQE956V63dQc1-AlsnI8t5BZFxnyWdzNf3yUE39g7xEgeVXpWfVg6XnuRu-egWBTrwIKNPHypO4qAKQkV43vRuR6AoIonGbqdg0rZiQ/s1600/Picture22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl5AuA-f66H0gX5DlDcnvZ8IpSK3uQ0nXa6JAEFQE956V63dQc1-AlsnI8t5BZFxnyWdzNf3yUE39g7xEgeVXpWfVg6XnuRu-egWBTrwIKNPHypO4qAKQkV43vRuR6AoIonGbqdg0rZiQ/s1600/Picture22.jpg" height="340" width="200" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihW1xfpqlTvutdItp2uasB2JFbKGbb5ijtycvgjelHoMYKnmHE53Aj9yfynWPM8Z89zv9Zu4N36eZiSOMHx-1n44Fj6_nskHBO-ULCrx8u3L1RMpTtvaXouZe3wAQgsCJrX9u0Kyu2qj0/s1600/Picture21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihW1xfpqlTvutdItp2uasB2JFbKGbb5ijtycvgjelHoMYKnmHE53Aj9yfynWPM8Z89zv9Zu4N36eZiSOMHx-1n44Fj6_nskHBO-ULCrx8u3L1RMpTtvaXouZe3wAQgsCJrX9u0Kyu2qj0/s1600/Picture21.jpg" height="230" width="370" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">
Orange</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXRdC4sEgcOGQuLMHg968EqwtnMUtHpZNuSKIkHwCujb97srglMMy4eOHbyZf2C0pq2Uce7GD7kzir92jM4Orfaf8WsKKjNL9O1bfOmnzEcc5uhfnyav3AtNwCd9Cjml1q3kU3SKXihZw/s1600/Picture23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXRdC4sEgcOGQuLMHg968EqwtnMUtHpZNuSKIkHwCujb97srglMMy4eOHbyZf2C0pq2Uce7GD7kzir92jM4Orfaf8WsKKjNL9O1bfOmnzEcc5uhfnyav3AtNwCd9Cjml1q3kU3SKXihZw/s1600/Picture23.jpg" height="160" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xzngvv0oYF6DeEB8HN_en6G5ba5GrU_Qot5BTrry_9ZnpI-7yS2rv09e7vPk30n2Yz13xJAAuGzIdpATLL7Wf0Q_R8VFE-V2QQ7ubmez36n2_tzOHnggENanS2lZj8rcD_kDeovL4_o/s1600/Picture24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xzngvv0oYF6DeEB8HN_en6G5ba5GrU_Qot5BTrry_9ZnpI-7yS2rv09e7vPk30n2Yz13xJAAuGzIdpATLL7Wf0Q_R8VFE-V2QQ7ubmez36n2_tzOHnggENanS2lZj8rcD_kDeovL4_o/s1600/Picture24.jpg" height="160" width="300" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>DRC-564</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY6mzLHUHOHqshRsqW1KQQUXtEaKAwnl5etyVTfggp80nEpe_oyAXWHmIAxwGQN-Oy15q_aC0OtbN-ifY0QEetXwRa8g5hAcrLdCm6xHqpRcf_pHvldz3qcENbP6UIusQqhc2VjgMJa_k/s1600/Picture25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY6mzLHUHOHqshRsqW1KQQUXtEaKAwnl5etyVTfggp80nEpe_oyAXWHmIAxwGQN-Oy15q_aC0OtbN-ifY0QEetXwRa8g5hAcrLdCm6xHqpRcf_pHvldz3qcENbP6UIusQqhc2VjgMJa_k/s1600/Picture25.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-7364235709957555002014-05-12T06:51:00.000-07:002014-05-12T06:51:44.749-07:00Dealing with a Rexless Summer?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" height="224" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Dealing with a Rexless Summer?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>2013 data to the rescue</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>by: Dr. Natalie Bumgarner</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<b>Introduction</b><div>
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For growers, there exists something of a codependent relationship between them and their cultivar of choice. Due to uncertainties in seed production and demand, there is always the possibility of seed shortages or movement by the industry away from the ‘old faithfuls’. For bibb growers, the popular cultivar Rex is likely going to be less available this summer and early fall and so the questions of what other options to grow certainly are coming to our attention. While it is never possible to guarantee other cultivars will seamlessly replace current ones, CropKing’s trialing and research program is carried out to assist decision making in these areas. So, the best way for me to help growers decide what to grow is to show you what I have observed and measured in our greenhouses here in Lodi. <div>
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<b>Data from Fall 2013 Bibb Trial</b><div>
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•Trials were carried out to test four similar green bibb cultivars in three different growing media <br /> 1) 1”x1”x1.5” Grodan rockwool , 2) 162 count Oasis XL, 3) 128 count trays of Grow-Tech peat- based media (http://www.grow-tech.com/) <br />•Time to harvest was varied through the season to produce marketable heads under changing light regimes<div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrJN8jRt7KCD41DT0OOVSHp2-SWw8Jpc8lU3iBr5pLTAp8MsZgf0btTOBWa90a709tdMhKBSNUuPez7WqNXNwavTW9fjWCcOQplFIdMpkU2lQnmde0wJgTRaZrwuV2McD3EIR_pEv4Ok/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrJN8jRt7KCD41DT0OOVSHp2-SWw8Jpc8lU3iBr5pLTAp8MsZgf0btTOBWa90a709tdMhKBSNUuPez7WqNXNwavTW9fjWCcOQplFIdMpkU2lQnmde0wJgTRaZrwuV2McD3EIR_pEv4Ok/s1600/Picture1.png" height="465" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alexandria</span></b></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBF8TTbgruffM_8YUtYmbzKldsAsQgHBfCM-1Fv-BtABBB_Ya6oebRymHdKbj2gL0LucHsXi8nwywUSmotRRzhT7_huqe5_gz0tKLKRrAoW2_9LmqzHv_nHfZS5SZgWe1FLcDxnJoNAU/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBF8TTbgruffM_8YUtYmbzKldsAsQgHBfCM-1Fv-BtABBB_Ya6oebRymHdKbj2gL0LucHsXi8nwywUSmotRRzhT7_huqe5_gz0tKLKRrAoW2_9LmqzHv_nHfZS5SZgWe1FLcDxnJoNAU/s1600/Picture3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Run 4</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Natalia</b></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-56091004244434209392014-04-08T05:09:00.000-07:002014-04-08T05:09:04.782-07:00Investigating impacts of Electrical Conductivity in Nutrient Solutions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" height="224" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Investigating impacts of Electrical Conductivity in Nutrient Solutions</span></b></div>
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<i>Lettuce and Brassica winter production in NFT systems in Ohio </i></div>
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<i>By: Dr. Natalie Bumgarner</i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In recirculating systems producing leafy crops, one of the main factors in the control of the grower is the nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC). In many systems, total EC, rather than single elements are controlled due to economics. In most commercial systems using electronic controllers and dosing pumps, concentrated fertilizer solution is added to the nutrient solution any time the solution goes below target EC. So, maintaining consistent EC levels is fairly straightforward, the main question becomes: What is the best EC? The answer to this question is based on two separate factors. The first relates to maintaining needed nutrients in solution. Essentially, the important question is how close to calculated nutrient levels does the solution remain over time. If there are large amounts of ions already in the source water (sodium, sulfate, or calcium for instance), this can cause the nutrient solution to become out of balance more rapidly meaning that ideal ratios of nutrients are not maintained. The second factor involves the movement of water through the plant. At lower EC, it is easier for plants to take up and transpire water. Therefore, under high light and temperature, and low humidity, lower solution EC levels makes it easier for the plant to move water. So, the EC that we use in our systems needs to address these two issues: 1) Maintain adequate levels of plant nutrients, and 2) not stress the plant too much in terms of taking up water needed for transpiration. </span><br />
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<b>Plant Management</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNhnqhQjp1wgPJX-4cDGAVk9N8-q56EtyIAQGq2iOSgpTJvZh6CrQVa1VGi0wJqgpiNix_H1-4FJdtiYSTJVreQ1ZVx8aagXSnXXpKDJqVNLMeaVkrCITj1Y68n5Ev_cumYifL98IfQE/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNhnqhQjp1wgPJX-4cDGAVk9N8-q56EtyIAQGq2iOSgpTJvZh6CrQVa1VGi0wJqgpiNix_H1-4FJdtiYSTJVreQ1ZVx8aagXSnXXpKDJqVNLMeaVkrCITj1Y68n5Ev_cumYifL98IfQE/s1600/Picture1.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><b><br /></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” cubes. Seeds were germinated in 9” nursery channels that were receiving a continuous flow of nutrient solutions set at experimental levels. After 15 to 17 days, seedlings were transplanted to the production NFT channels at a spacing of 8” on centers. After transplanting, plants were grown in 4 ¾” channels until harvest. The nutrient solution was automatically and continually adjusted to maintain a target pH of 6.0. Electrical conductivity was maintained by hand additions of nutrient concentrate as </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">needed based on daily measurements of EC. These trials were carried out in a system designed to pull from four different 40 gallon nutrient tanks so that differing solution could be tested in a randomized block design. At harvest, shoot fresh weight was recorded individually for each head. </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Timing and Conditions</h2>
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<i>* 400W metal halide lights were used to add approximately 30-40 µmol/m2/sec of supplemental light from 4 to 11 am during the lettuce experiment, but power usage constraints prevented lights from being used during the Brassica trial. </i><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Biomass Yield by EC Treatment</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEhFpHa6KeLL6MyBlfOYlIDYdPLTrTtvn2VCxodSwQBwRKmZNgDmRWxjCulbgpTlspfXODbUhB3H5XBXMMHZoFeveNZPe06qYAlnnl6Uq7vFq___o-kwFv88fITggwc_q3Km7fkRk2og/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEhFpHa6KeLL6MyBlfOYlIDYdPLTrTtvn2VCxodSwQBwRKmZNgDmRWxjCulbgpTlspfXODbUhB3H5XBXMMHZoFeveNZPe06qYAlnnl6Uq7vFq___o-kwFv88fITggwc_q3Km7fkRk2og/s1600/Picture4.png" height="274" width="640" /></a></div>
<i>Letters signify differences between EC treatments across all three cultivars. Treatments are only significantly different if followed by different letters. </i><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
EC x Cultivar Biomass Yield</h2>
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<b>Discussion on the two trials</b><br />
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These two runs of a fairly straightforward nutrient concentration test reveal some interesting results and, as useful tests should, provide some additional questions for future work. <br />
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1) Under the conditions of these trials, it is quite possible that nutrition was not always the most limiting factor. Yields were statistically similar in the lettuce trial for treatments where 1.3, 1.8, and 2.3 EC was maintained. This would suggest that all three of those EC treatments provided adequate nutrition and that the generally low yields in the trial, may have been due to low light conditions. Many times growers increase EC during the winter to push growth. Certainly under some conditions, that can be a valid technique, but it is also possible that the plants may not be able to parlay those available nutrients into increased yield. It should also be stated that our nutrient targets for recirculating systems are purposefully determined in excess of minimum nutrient levels to provide buffer in our systems and prevent yield reductions. <br />
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2) For some cultivars, quality impacts can be as large a determining factor in nutrient solution adjustment as yield. For any grower who has tip-burned romaine lettuce (and that includes a high percentage of those who have grown it), it comes as no surprise that quality issues are often more prevalent than in bibb lettuce. For some of our crops, then it may be maintaining crop quality rather than growth rate that is the determining management factor. So, if tipburn increases to a costly level, we may run lower EC even if slightly higher levels would lead to increased biomass accumulation. We also need to investigate other aspects of our management (air circulation, lighting, cultivar selection, etc.) to make sure that it really is a nutrient issue causing our decreased quality. This leads into many separate areas of research, but it is important to remember that only one of the lettuce cultivars and none of the Brassicas sustained tipburn in these trials. <br />
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3) For leafy crops other than lettuce, there still is likely room for improvement in our plant nutrition and crop management. Earlier in the discussion, I mentioned the fact that the clearer separation between EC treatments in the Brassica trial may have been due to less frequent tank changes and more opportunity for nutrient limitation in the 1.3 and 0.8 EC treatments. That is possible, but it is also quite possible that kale, arugula, and pac choi may have different optimum nutrient levels than lettuce (or each other for that matter). For the past several decades, bibb lettuce has been the focus of most hydroponic research and with an increase in the number of profitable crops that can be grown in greenhouses, it is quite possible that we still have a bit to learn about these other crops. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16Jes8Wr4n-xbTDCbpGnvXijCCT_-PRQFapyoLNJ2LCcyeF4yrxoqQXhiJ4bA2v2Oa-BKW49kHSsxmWntLbfhBBu3Ryjoe85UEFw55G4s7MEGuamxu3OhgfaqFLZ5TID4jtFLCCQ_al4/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16Jes8Wr4n-xbTDCbpGnvXijCCT_-PRQFapyoLNJ2LCcyeF4yrxoqQXhiJ4bA2v2Oa-BKW49kHSsxmWntLbfhBBu3Ryjoe85UEFw55G4s7MEGuamxu3OhgfaqFLZ5TID4jtFLCCQ_al4/s1600/Picture6.jpg" height="320" width="167" /></a></div>
<b>So, what are the questions for follow up trials?? </b><br />
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1)How do seasonal conditions impact tests such as these?<br />
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As discussed earlier, both of these trials were carried out in low light, winter conditions. It is quite likely that when light is less limiting that more nutrition impacts will be present. Likewise, quality impacts (tipburn) may be more of a factor in summer trials. </div>
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2)What about the impact of the frequency of tank changes? <br />
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In most of our recirculating systems, our goal is to manage solutions to prevent nutrients from becoming limiting. Tank changes at specific intervals are often how we accomplish this goal (without purchasing specific ion probes). Only through nutrient testing and trials will we know for sure what the optimum EC and intervals between solution changes will be. While it stands to reason that tank changes may need to be less frequent at higher EC levels and/or higher light conditions, we need data to back up our practices and theories. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-79625615511096895972014-02-04T06:47:00.000-08:002014-02-04T06:47:44.406-08:00Summer to Fall Mixed Leafy Trial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Summer
to Fall Mixed Leafy Trial</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #632523;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Kale, endive, and cress in NFT production in Ohio</i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #632523;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By: Dr. Natalie Bumgarner</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">While lettuce fills a large majority of the spaces in most greenhouse nutrient film technique (NFT) systems in the US, there are many other crops that can be profitable for growers in these systems. In addition to herbs, other leafy crops, such as kale, cress and endive are currently being investigated by growers to address specialty markets. In recent years, more growers are experimenting with these varied leafy crops. However, less is known about crop productivity and timing in relation to both cultivar and seasonal impacts. It is also important to note that unlike bibb and some other lettuce types, most kale, endive and cress are not specifically bred and developed for controlled environment production. So, there is a potential for greater seasonal variability in production than is seen in some of the common bibb lettuce crops. This trial was designed to evaluate a selection of kale and other leafy crops through a range of summer to fall conditions to evaluate their potential for greenhouse growers in the Midwest and Northeast. This trial obviously only used a portion of the cultivars available, but was intended to provide information for future more extensive trials. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Methods and Management</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Seeding was done by hand into pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” cubes. Seeds were germinated in clear water in seeding trays, and were transferred to the nursery and nutrient solution 3 to 5 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution in the nursery for an additional week to two weeks before transplanting (No supplemental lighting was provided during the seedling phase). After transplanting, plants were grown out in the channel until harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the Fertroller where automatic pH and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.6 to 1.9 (lower light levels = higher EC) by the addition of concentrated fertilizer solution and source water. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>* It is important to note that these trials were carried out across a range of seasonal conditions, so transplanting and harvesting were completed at slightly different plant ages in different runs as detailed in the next slides. Additionally, this trial measured single harvest yields to produce the most accurate and comparable yield totals. However, some growers will take multiple harvests from a single kale or cress plant, which would likely increase the total yield per plant but require additional time in the channel. </i></span><br />
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</span></span>* Watercress was seeded with multiple seeds per cube as is typical in production, but this increased the yield variability. Additionally the multiple plants grew together and created difficulty in accurately assessing yield per cube, so those comprised data are not presented, and a more upright cultivar was chosen for the next two runs of the trial. <br />
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<b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Daily Biomass Accumulation</span></b></b></div>
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<b>Some thoughts on the trial</b></div>
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After reviewing these data, there are a few items that are important to consider and understand about this trial.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• An important trend to note in these data is that the leafy crop cultivars in the trial did not always respond similarly to changes in seasonal conditions. Red Russian kale, which had the largest leaves and plant stature, tended to be the highest yielding kale cultivar and the yields across the first three runs were consistent. Under lower light conditions in run 4, the yield dropped to near half even with the longer production cycle. That same trend was also true for the smaller leaved Toscano cultivar. Starbor kale yields were more variable across the three first runs. In run 4, Starbor seeds could not be obtained, so Winterbor kale replaced Starbor. In future trials, it would be a good comparison to trial both Starbor and Winterbor across changing seasons. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Seedling production was a key factor in this trial. One important note about using seeds and species not specifically bred and adapted for greenhouse conditions is that germination and early growth may be more variable than growers may be accustomed to with bibb seeds. For example, the variation between endive yield in run 2 and 3 was more likely due to germination and seedling size than to environmental conditions. The photo on the left is a close up of some of the endive seedlings in that run, and it is apparent that germination was uneven. This difference in early growth and size at transplant has a direct influence on yield in a short cycle leafy crop. The more even seedlings from another run are shown in the image on the right.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9jTJ4ZdbKxzQANHWpU-GFvnxbiFoRFf45H5WNxBFTPNPvZ0gvOIy47LCavMCeQAi0I1vX4Go6YVcVVHu3KIwmQ_kZFO1Ysp326FcK4poW5Pykiwt30NT9Pkqz1MDudXORCcAfuXFn_RU/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9jTJ4ZdbKxzQANHWpU-GFvnxbiFoRFf45H5WNxBFTPNPvZ0gvOIy47LCavMCeQAi0I1vX4Go6YVcVVHu3KIwmQ_kZFO1Ysp326FcK4poW5Pykiwt30NT9Pkqz1MDudXORCcAfuXFn_RU/s1600/Picture5.jpg" height="153" width="370" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiHJE4k__dMc6YAeG_faM5LNcoVgnGuwRgN4OSot5y2bGRmBrmfy8kKA5BxM7xEsZA9Iz4aSXU-rDcRRDu5PEeP0K9GUY7Ztiz0Z9mK0AK8EJjnKbILMYkapICYrcrmtHeqncOsiL9UY0/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiHJE4k__dMc6YAeG_faM5LNcoVgnGuwRgN4OSot5y2bGRmBrmfy8kKA5BxM7xEsZA9Iz4aSXU-rDcRRDu5PEeP0K9GUY7Ztiz0Z9mK0AK8EJjnKbILMYkapICYrcrmtHeqncOsiL9UY0/s1600/Picture6.jpg" height="172" width="220" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">My final comments are based on both data and observations and discussions with growers. When growing alternative leafy crops, like kale, endive, and cress, it is essential to know your market and select cultivars based on the needs of your buyers and your productivity. The cress is an example of that fact in that the highest biomass producing cultivars may have been less marketable due to their difficult to manage size. In the kale, there were large differences in cultivar biomass production and appearance. It may well be that the most desirable cultivars for buyers may not be the most productive. So, growers need to be aware of the production capacity so that prices can be properly established. This knowledge and preparation will enable growers to best capitalize on the demand for these less common leafy crops.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Red Russian Kale- 20 days after seeding </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red Russian Kale- At harvest (38 days after seeding) </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Starbor Kale- 20 days after seeding</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Starbor Kale- 38 days after seeding</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Toscano- 20 days after seeding</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Toscano- 38 days after seeding</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cress 38 days after seeding </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFFtS5Xl-E9jvVtQp9tSF-2DAteuOiuiUAAjjetskAxWxyr0Tw5Wz3aZCURFNG2qVVE7QGdm5JWC30Hf5pM2362IPk4K0wL3g27C8LJ-z05y9La9O6zMlom6m-W8Sbn5Up-2NPh4CnbU/s1600/Picture14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFFtS5Xl-E9jvVtQp9tSF-2DAteuOiuiUAAjjetskAxWxyr0Tw5Wz3aZCURFNG2qVVE7QGdm5JWC30Hf5pM2362IPk4K0wL3g27C8LJ-z05y9La9O6zMlom6m-W8Sbn5Up-2NPh4CnbU/s1600/Picture14.jpg" height="233" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cress- 20 days after seeding</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Endive- 38 days after seeding</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Endive- 20 days after seeding</span></td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-35544886884447549152014-01-06T12:22:00.000-08:002014-01-08T12:28:35.660-08:00Beefsteak Cultivar Trials- Part 2 (The Numbers)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1600/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1600/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" height="230" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Beefsteak
Cultivar Trials- Part 2 (The Numbers)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Dr.
Natalie Bumgarner</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Overview</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLslWh4ObthmfdhFQ3NZqzkmDTKilZXeg_FbzVWNQqKGfL84hhx3n_ekBRWFFlCL2T8upZc6mIRF7pqkmqlpm5tVH61kDLcvVRf3MRw2fA1nD4Lz-3EEAA1w5ymS7qpjKgBCG4uwfuZL8/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLslWh4ObthmfdhFQ3NZqzkmDTKilZXeg_FbzVWNQqKGfL84hhx3n_ekBRWFFlCL2T8upZc6mIRF7pqkmqlpm5tVH61kDLcvVRf3MRw2fA1nD4Lz-3EEAA1w5ymS7qpjKgBCG4uwfuZL8/s1600/Picture1.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•This
evaluation was carried out both to increase our knowledge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">of several available
beefsteaks and to provide information for</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">growers who may be considering these
tomato cultivars. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cultivars were
obtained from a variety of seed suppliers to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">represent a broad selection. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•Ten
cultivars were trialed in small 4-plant blocks with two</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">replications. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•The
whole evaluation was completed in one row of a 22’ x 64’ x</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">10’ greenhouse</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•Seeded
12/18 (All seedlings)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•Transplanted
1/14 (~ 4 ft2 per plant)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•First
harvest 4/8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•Growing
point removal 11/11</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•Last
harvest occurred on 12/16</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">•Data
analyzed with Proc GLM and means difference letters calculated by LSD
(different letters represent</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">statistically different cultivar averages)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Data
Considerations</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">In this post, I would like to give a perspective on
comparative yield and fruit size throughout the season for</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">one of the trials in
our greenhouse. However, before presenting this data, some important facts need
to be</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">noted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Always keep in mind
that this is small plot research. Due to size constraints in our trial
greenhouse and the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">time involved in data collection, these trials cannot be
carried out on a full production scale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">It is critical to
keep in mind that production numbers reported here are not necessarily
repeatable in your</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">greenhouse due to the influence of light, humidity and other
environmental factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">This whole trial was
completed in an outside row of the greenhouse so light conditions were more
optimum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">and interior rows may not produce comparable yields.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">The percentage of
difference between cultivars in full row trials do not always directly follow
small plot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">trials.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">This work was carried
out in OH, so our environmental conditions will not necessarily match other</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">locations.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_e6UKRa2u0_NicHQywVOmcZcyxh4TL-F0wPioenzTH1On2Tm1h6NUPgWPbyIVAdkpDQvp8wiM-932x4w7TBC586Ijbkk_ZpVh8-G-sfp-6-joTlnhwv85ckO40CxE6bgW_4Pz1Xakh0A/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_e6UKRa2u0_NicHQywVOmcZcyxh4TL-F0wPioenzTH1On2Tm1h6NUPgWPbyIVAdkpDQvp8wiM-932x4w7TBC586Ijbkk_ZpVh8-G-sfp-6-joTlnhwv85ckO40CxE6bgW_4Pz1Xakh0A/s1600/Picture2.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMUb36f4OBHDiJteRZyXTggoGiuNTAluD9RmY8ysyuuEyv5M_9k6iKrGOogObDusOf5g9MwwoXzmUybelWfLDJbkn3TRfhW5xYtkqENZVvQpR6dbU0z-T1lUY9XENEpL_dHk8rO71Otgk/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMUb36f4OBHDiJteRZyXTggoGiuNTAluD9RmY8ysyuuEyv5M_9k6iKrGOogObDusOf5g9MwwoXzmUybelWfLDJbkn3TRfhW5xYtkqENZVvQpR6dbU0z-T1lUY9XENEpL_dHk8rO71Otgk/s1600/Picture3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Environmental
Overview</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhCJVKJwPjunaM03vfbZek9FBtAu36mt8z-Q6xP_YWNM-v2V4MaC6wRiEUy3tcKWSnIee3ZPzL5Q1xBU6-11Quj1OsbTCfLxONESAu5EyweGV_x4U68iQOMIMqwL_6idG5H0mgRFumlww/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhCJVKJwPjunaM03vfbZek9FBtAu36mt8z-Q6xP_YWNM-v2V4MaC6wRiEUy3tcKWSnIee3ZPzL5Q1xBU6-11Quj1OsbTCfLxONESAu5EyweGV_x4U68iQOMIMqwL_6idG5H0mgRFumlww/s1600/Picture4.png" height="236" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">*40% white shade cloth was installed July 16<span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span>
and removed </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">August 20</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in; vertical-align: super;">th</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">, so these solar radiation averages</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">reflect the loss of </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">light in the greenhouse due to shading. Additionally, in the </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">warmest and most
humid</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">portions of the summer, some </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">condensation on the plastic also reduced
incoming radiation.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Cluster
Counts/Fruit Set</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlT_Z5iUsK0VQ3UGM6hrT4l5j_H9JTZVaeE8IaIfOfalo-zG8tOJCQn4Tmmf2X9jozrdcgWDTAfbtf0KrkhO2zB2lOapGU6a4pcq-ErVDfo7MjYpkfbjapJ9crUXFxW6nO99dhaPql6Fk/s1600/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlT_Z5iUsK0VQ3UGM6hrT4l5j_H9JTZVaeE8IaIfOfalo-zG8tOJCQn4Tmmf2X9jozrdcgWDTAfbtf0KrkhO2zB2lOapGU6a4pcq-ErVDfo7MjYpkfbjapJ9crUXFxW6nO99dhaPql6Fk/s1600/Picture5.png" height="320" width="292" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">These numbers were derived from periodic counts of
harvestable fruit from each cluster. The numbers were not statistically
analyzed in the same way as the yield data that follows, but standard
deviations (</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">sd</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">) are reported. These
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">sd</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"> illustrate that
there was variability in fruit set across clusters due to nutrition and
environmental conditions. Additionally, they suggest that some cultivars were
more sensitive in terms of loss of flowers or fruit. One other note about these
cluster counts is that in May we installed a reverse osmosis system in response
to higher than optimum sodium levels in our source water which impacted fruit
set on some clusters. Counts were not taken on Pink </span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Brandymaster</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"> due to the </span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">uneveness</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"> of clusters as a
result of cultivar tendencies. </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fruit
Number</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5rk1IPdCUIBwWhmGaulv2Z3sDoEOHZSpsDs3lE3Vm21e6AxVoSn4cJM49hPvZ0XAJSWrBT900schIZUM4Aa1i5_h1wduX8Qxdl2C4rmywDgc3lK9xfxyjrNBllxtoWeRU7-jsrvkWRx0/s1600/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5rk1IPdCUIBwWhmGaulv2Z3sDoEOHZSpsDs3lE3Vm21e6AxVoSn4cJM49hPvZ0XAJSWrBT900schIZUM4Aa1i5_h1wduX8Qxdl2C4rmywDgc3lK9xfxyjrNBllxtoWeRU7-jsrvkWRx0/s1600/Picture6.png" height="320" width="268" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These numbers were derived from fruit counts taken at </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">harvest. So, </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">these data correspond closely to the data </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">presented inthe
previous </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">table. Keep in mind that the </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">cluster count averages represent </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">clusters
1 through 25, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">but fruit was harvested from 28 to 32 </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">clusters per plants </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">in many
cultivars. Not surprisingly, the cultivars</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">that maintained the highest average
fruit per cluster </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">finished with the </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">highest numbers of fruit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXR9-C346o-lpokuqvhHXKhbzRChY9_T1b89-xhmhvb-0KC35tHd1qzLWR379eb1l9SaMeepoZvl6xTdcBAvVPW7TQ_Sx2WKmTn_JWfJwFWVFw3J11Vpkl-GU5woq-w4LWlSLAYcukyq0/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXR9-C346o-lpokuqvhHXKhbzRChY9_T1b89-xhmhvb-0KC35tHd1qzLWR379eb1l9SaMeepoZvl6xTdcBAvVPW7TQ_Sx2WKmTn_JWfJwFWVFw3J11Vpkl-GU5woq-w4LWlSLAYcukyq0/s1600/Picture1.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fruit Size</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjymU7X-lYueWiUsr9Vjy6OFdf8zKm2XIyl-0FS-Atvocbwii68X7aUDs-9zd-Ct3uVZX8LdAIMmeFSGMRAeqAb4043FsQXzLhNWTHlzHWaCNXVEFrmgs3x3c20T-4MouQpvFgCHhXFxWc/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjymU7X-lYueWiUsr9Vjy6OFdf8zKm2XIyl-0FS-Atvocbwii68X7aUDs-9zd-Ct3uVZX8LdAIMmeFSGMRAeqAb4043FsQXzLhNWTHlzHWaCNXVEFrmgs3x3c20T-4MouQpvFgCHhXFxWc/s1600/Picture2.png" height="320" width="272" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span> It is important to keep in mind that these fruit sizes are averaged across the whole harvest season. To give a perspective on fruit sizes across the season, the previous blog post gave fruit weight averages from an early and a late season harvest for each cultivar. With all cultivars combined, the average of all April harvests was 0.61 lbs per fruit. Across all June harvests, the average fruit weight was 0.56 lbs and in November harvests, the average fruit weight was 0.49 lbs<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"> Relationship
of Fruit Size and Number</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> One interesting thing to consider about these data is
the </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> relationship </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">between fruit number per plant and average </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> fruit size. Fruit
size and </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">fruit number in this trial were </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> significantly negatively related
meaning </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">that when fruit </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> size went up fruit number often went down </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">(r</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">=-0.60,
P=0.0049). Cultivars like Guyana will many smaller fruit</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">and Pink </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Brandymaster</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> with fewer larger
fruit illustrate this trend.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">However, this was not true for all cultivars. For
instance, </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Foronti</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> had the second
highest average fruit weight</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">while averaging the 3</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: super;">rd</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">
highest fruit number per plant.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Plant
Production</b></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvIC7V2cHwBt99SjlLefF33ub5hdYCCOqEzIBfE8PWaQmazar5SWL2pvtfDlMMOzTofuYnFTBKJbOO-DGKEtuVcsuCZHE0o5QeDpWs3qV1Unkh5HrM1KnDXtLKgbUJ2u01SgLt7MUb7uo/s1600/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvIC7V2cHwBt99SjlLefF33ub5hdYCCOqEzIBfE8PWaQmazar5SWL2pvtfDlMMOzTofuYnFTBKJbOO-DGKEtuVcsuCZHE0o5QeDpWs3qV1Unkh5HrM1KnDXtLKgbUJ2u01SgLt7MUb7uo/s1600/Picture7.png" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">Data was collected to as accurately as possible describe
the yield potential of the plant under conditions </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">tested. Marketable fruit included in these
totals included first quality and slightly blemished fruit of all sizes</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">that
were saleable. All fruit with damage due to blossom end rot, botrytis, etc.
were not included in</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">production totals.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>A
few closing thoughts</b></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">This overview has thrown quite a bit of data at you the
reader, but hopefully some of it has been useful. I</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">would like to close with a
few comments and certainly feel free to email me with any further questions.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">
Due to management and environmental factors, these yield numbers are not
appropriate for basing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">production estimates in your operation.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">
This trial was undertaken to introduce our team at </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">CropKing</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> to several of the
beefsteak cultivars currently</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">available. We used this project to chose
cultivars to trial further and to suggest to growers for their own</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">evaluation.
So, these numbers are only from one crop and are not the end- rather, they</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0in;">are
the beginning. Look for data in upcoming years from some of these
cultivars. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-62976020395450732072013-11-22T06:35:00.000-08:002013-11-22T06:35:08.511-08:00Beefsteak Cultivar Trials- Part 1 (The Pictures)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s320/logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Beefsteak
Cultivar Trials- Part 1 (The Pictures)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">By Dr. Natalie </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Bumgarner</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Objectives</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Greenhouse tomato production in the United States now
encompasses a wide spectrum of fruit types and cultivars. Producers desire both
attractive and distinctive crop cultivars to meet consumer demand, but
consistency in both productivity and quality is still a key. Even with the
increasing desire for specialty cultivars, many small to mid-scale growers
still often establish and maintain their a large portion of their sales with
beefsteak tomatoes. For many US consumers, high visual and taste quality in beefsteak
tomatoes is the basis for greenhouse tomato price premiums. Because many
greenhouse vegetable producers rely on a few specific cultivars, the production
and reliability of those cultivars is essential. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Additionally, over time their customers
become accustomed to the taste and appearance of a certain cultivar and change
must be carefully weighed. However, cultivars are sometimes discontinued or
unavailable due to seed shortages, so being familiar with other options is
quite important for growers. We generally encourage tomato growers to trial
small sections of different cultivars on a consistent basis to remain up to
date on new offerings and to be prepared if they are forced to switch
cultivars.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">It is obviously important for
us at </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">CropKing</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> to be familiar with
cultivar options for growers. So, this evaluation was carried out both to
increase our knowledge of several available beefsteaks and to provide
information for growers who may be considering these tomatoes as options for
their current crops.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Cultivars were
obtained from a variety of seed suppliers to represent a broad selection of
cultivars available to greenhouse tomato producers. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Crop
Overview</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVNIndRKXaJH0_AqibKP4IkTascKRhOTPuyM5FxNuJVoPsMymuR-diAvEfjek77083ZR90i_8vnSLN2I4pyB0sNJg7k6nVMaXABD9YmqJa2l0cuKZDhgHuIU_kFOJyrr6Gk35WyJUBiQ/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVNIndRKXaJH0_AqibKP4IkTascKRhOTPuyM5FxNuJVoPsMymuR-diAvEfjek77083ZR90i_8vnSLN2I4pyB0sNJg7k6nVMaXABD9YmqJa2l0cuKZDhgHuIU_kFOJyrr6Gk35WyJUBiQ/s200/Picture1.jpg" width="150" /></a></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Ten
cultivars were trialed in a small block, two replicate evaluation</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Seeded
12/18 </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Transplanted
1/14</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• First
harvest 4/8</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Growing
point removal 11/11</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">• Last
harvest likely will occur between 12/15 and 12/25</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1jEWi0l0DgACMvXNILAoQ3upEHMFNV8HG7Dnj949mqj6O6DXm2kPD0ZwMc5iZYEQC5qcNH7YpPX8eBb0-YoKj6Ktum27_5TWHzJxvILJhK2wj6BZamwKHKp_8GqaAazbsz9IwkcTH8I/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1jEWi0l0DgACMvXNILAoQ3upEHMFNV8HG7Dnj949mqj6O6DXm2kPD0ZwMc5iZYEQC5qcNH7YpPX8eBb0-YoKj6Ktum27_5TWHzJxvILJhK2wj6BZamwKHKp_8GqaAazbsz9IwkcTH8I/s640/Picture2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP20oSGlUXQdmCdpH02XxW9hM7ktebTfzV4nmDsZ71Axak0N640mXLCDDzHfc-uMzVdIqJ70HrsgFTYmmpEcZJ6sQ8JtwA4XaECuilf6PES27WoZb8TRBFoJrV-ogBy9vBRrAlZJNJOe0/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP20oSGlUXQdmCdpH02XxW9hM7ktebTfzV4nmDsZ71Axak0N640mXLCDDzHfc-uMzVdIqJ70HrsgFTYmmpEcZJ6sQ8JtwA4XaECuilf6PES27WoZb8TRBFoJrV-ogBy9vBRrAlZJNJOe0/s320/Picture3.jpg" width="321" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6z8GnhU4SDagtSY09ZO2nRk4dybq86nInd16Wm5zYHkbM-ouIDLcGO13Yrl70x-DV_YkNNmlZdrwV2gI5kb74x9DDlxJZo92ZKqEK3OtBYwXtuSokRq6Gph7CeIrAp7yYohvqM1tNsas/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6z8GnhU4SDagtSY09ZO2nRk4dybq86nInd16Wm5zYHkbM-ouIDLcGO13Yrl70x-DV_YkNNmlZdrwV2gI5kb74x9DDlxJZo92ZKqEK3OtBYwXtuSokRq6Gph7CeIrAp7yYohvqM1tNsas/s320/Picture4.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="321" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Plant
Management</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">•All
ungrafted seedlings
transplanted from 1.5” rockwool cubes into perlite filled Bato buckets</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">•Plant
density was 4 ft</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in; vertical-align: super;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"> per plant or 2.7 plants/m</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in; vertical-align: super;">2</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">•Began
feeding seedlings at 1.5 mS/cm EC and increased
feed to 2.2-2.4 mS/cm as mature plants</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">•Target
leach ECs were 0.3-0.6 above feed ECs (2.5 to 2.8 mS/cm)</span><br />
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">Data
Collection and Calculations</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> Cluster number and
harvestable fruit count at each cluster</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> Plot weight and
fruit counts at each harvest</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> Cumulative fruit
yield as well as a breakdown across the season</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> Average fruit weight
across the season</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">The images and fruit weights presented here represent an
April harvest with fruit from the 1</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: super;">st</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> and 2</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: super;">n</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">clusters. The November pictures were taken near the end of the crop and were
generally fruit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">produced on the 25</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: super;">th</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> through 28</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: super;">th</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">
clusters.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">In an upcoming blog after harvest is complete for the
year, there will be a post that describes</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">comparative yield and fruit size
throughout the season. This blog is designed to introduce the cultivars</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">and
provide some initial visuals and fruit weights at an early and late harvest to
provide a general</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">overview of the cultivars with more analysis and summary data
planned for a later blog. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">The
Cultivars</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Average fruit wt. these two harvest dates</b></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTpY7CamkWpK_UmM5RtnUo5fvX2gyt4GbDQkwzjrG5SAQB71AoHQwiU1y9RokNuthyphenhyphen16NTLAjEbPDY9e1mUAhJSgrxvLeCruX3eMKeJCJcySjt3TBJGGRAfXAkQfnohVLQsnpQPVf_tE/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTpY7CamkWpK_UmM5RtnUo5fvX2gyt4GbDQkwzjrG5SAQB71AoHQwiU1y9RokNuthyphenhyphen16NTLAjEbPDY9e1mUAhJSgrxvLeCruX3eMKeJCJcySjt3TBJGGRAfXAkQfnohVLQsnpQPVf_tE/s320/Picture5.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BigDena-April 0.581 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-LhNm9CZPZSkUNXeNmKexVmsq06y3T6DTHZ_p3X55RpE-fek6d5S95qdLI-3_Xpzu50JD8JJbuJIzeGASgk8Si_NGklLug87T2_r9wmn0IiEjIWaHYS4CDyXB4lS0AfRYpnpKuvPQcE/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-LhNm9CZPZSkUNXeNmKexVmsq06y3T6DTHZ_p3X55RpE-fek6d5S95qdLI-3_Xpzu50JD8JJbuJIzeGASgk8Si_NGklLug87T2_r9wmn0IiEjIWaHYS4CDyXB4lS0AfRYpnpKuvPQcE/s320/Picture6.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BigDena-November 0.502 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhOgRvaVFGvLiRdkFWVh18DNNCzpDQI-RdwpdWQ6huylphEEQFxocz2Tjmk9jJuE44rK5i_LkdCsdaUNUDrroxParmeZooIcw3SYbMabV9dgwxChPvsATeAHuJ6i08doJp-I2fhBiR-fM/s1600/Picture8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhOgRvaVFGvLiRdkFWVh18DNNCzpDQI-RdwpdWQ6huylphEEQFxocz2Tjmk9jJuE44rK5i_LkdCsdaUNUDrroxParmeZooIcw3SYbMabV9dgwxChPvsATeAHuJ6i08doJp-I2fhBiR-fM/s200/Picture8.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Foronti-November 0.601 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXW5Ot-YQHuZHJP_WPgypT1vphMqR6wq5jJCfHVb7hUx-0HteZ4Hvq5xBcANSGR1Z_fq5ZjKC87xNSTLbyvoxOvpV7HDMvUEC5_-XQQVPe6vAHS2rgNdQNYxwgxKyWaMj7GIR-2EBvn0/s1600/Picture7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXW5Ot-YQHuZHJP_WPgypT1vphMqR6wq5jJCfHVb7hUx-0HteZ4Hvq5xBcANSGR1Z_fq5ZjKC87xNSTLbyvoxOvpV7HDMvUEC5_-XQQVPe6vAHS2rgNdQNYxwgxKyWaMj7GIR-2EBvn0/s200/Picture7.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Foronti-April 0.837 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16sYoRvRotr7-NEziiCbtiEoha1FQWObsFzw89va_hmnBWp79ryqFZzJfSrfErkSMU3MOUXbbEQzPXMSLX0AB6yHXsExW-0o3tZRLkwVodiBBeXXRRMFH5I8HEW4gx3N_rAZmKn-BEmU/s1600/Picture10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16sYoRvRotr7-NEziiCbtiEoha1FQWObsFzw89va_hmnBWp79ryqFZzJfSrfErkSMU3MOUXbbEQzPXMSLX0AB6yHXsExW-0o3tZRLkwVodiBBeXXRRMFH5I8HEW4gx3N_rAZmKn-BEmU/s320/Picture10.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guyana-November 0.438 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVlsxDQYRDLlH3qG0xs2qzohXiSN9jL9Git7mLpUbDBx3HrbK8EsIi5YYHOo3-zY4sEhanptC2EV_Yk_FWToo7o6EZWWaGBwq4GjsLkLi-mSrr1WKJiopTQVIdUdBMAO2nPAJ-wc9ej_M/s1600/Picture9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVlsxDQYRDLlH3qG0xs2qzohXiSN9jL9Git7mLpUbDBx3HrbK8EsIi5YYHOo3-zY4sEhanptC2EV_Yk_FWToo7o6EZWWaGBwq4GjsLkLi-mSrr1WKJiopTQVIdUdBMAO2nPAJ-wc9ej_M/s320/Picture9.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guyana-April 0.525 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGzwbf8bKEcG6WeEmzBOhCMIjIm_1DxB2pcxQq4lBkf3b_shyJvjvt_b34e57aaBn-FJdu30RGNxcPglZ-XS-rHTYILg6lpAbXugBb1q4Dd1gLHNV769oo0lc1lUnihvy_jzacgYcjajY/s1600/Picture12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGzwbf8bKEcG6WeEmzBOhCMIjIm_1DxB2pcxQq4lBkf3b_shyJvjvt_b34e57aaBn-FJdu30RGNxcPglZ-XS-rHTYILg6lpAbXugBb1q4Dd1gLHNV769oo0lc1lUnihvy_jzacgYcjajY/s320/Picture12.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Heritage-November 0.516 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzuG55PtH2uEa1Jsr4akG6GKr4ELqDl0-8XR02i2dzcwUIbezJaurXeiGpJPTqhFBnrs3KD9yaHpq82y38bykpdf5BKIKxyIxUZpVdjOKq-7llfelwgXq741eBfariJZvy6tBtP3gIPI/s1600/Picture11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzuG55PtH2uEa1Jsr4akG6GKr4ELqDl0-8XR02i2dzcwUIbezJaurXeiGpJPTqhFBnrs3KD9yaHpq82y38bykpdf5BKIKxyIxUZpVdjOKq-7llfelwgXq741eBfariJZvy6tBtP3gIPI/s320/Picture11.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Heritage-April 0.566 lb</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8KXLNZ-SaVqVm8CJhP85yhmlkfiBE5DbbcWDyuXxRFIrXuiHTcTq8eewyfZQt6kMs2T6l1CB4ZhfDAFBKebhGJCZdhGSMkyT5PqDiKrS6Fbd79DdKNY-cFcxO6YeDAG8CPTo4yYrtbU/s1600/Picture14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8KXLNZ-SaVqVm8CJhP85yhmlkfiBE5DbbcWDyuXxRFIrXuiHTcTq8eewyfZQt6kMs2T6l1CB4ZhfDAFBKebhGJCZdhGSMkyT5PqDiKrS6Fbd79DdKNY-cFcxO6YeDAG8CPTo4yYrtbU/s320/Picture14.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ladoga-November 0.562 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXTCGQrkDEyXRYdaS9vlW6oNoEtWCRqkZ5WpqOJtAibnv6M24Q_a2Oq6GnlkySlbrQcOf6Hv4RZJqDqcZIrZKPso-_1-W7EzADKMqpmUkyWyGPVb4FaRBe1p6vjhW2tzxis4M40ei2_Q/s1600/Picture13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXTCGQrkDEyXRYdaS9vlW6oNoEtWCRqkZ5WpqOJtAibnv6M24Q_a2Oq6GnlkySlbrQcOf6Hv4RZJqDqcZIrZKPso-_1-W7EzADKMqpmUkyWyGPVb4FaRBe1p6vjhW2tzxis4M40ei2_Q/s320/Picture13.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ladoga-April 0.601 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAT-uzOtUWrXCCJTXfs28CH4Fu66n0p7ZYAE431fqh-_J2fw8QuNL4AO9VbFg_LpDdXeZnQWe24o57mc_40jA53z7l3hSwH7CNZ9IpBI4MsglVrft7h6cvp0iznNM_I2DLStQ9DvNv264/s1600/Picture16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAT-uzOtUWrXCCJTXfs28CH4Fu66n0p7ZYAE431fqh-_J2fw8QuNL4AO9VbFg_LpDdXeZnQWe24o57mc_40jA53z7l3hSwH7CNZ9IpBI4MsglVrft7h6cvp0iznNM_I2DLStQ9DvNv264/s320/Picture16.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lola-November 0.484 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVdMht-OuAa10NLkSzPNGiW4bw1-OeKlPmkSXHjZpkMZCvdHGCr7dJic4VhBsGs4lfc9JSKYlboKRjZnvnG7IIInPHL8rmyegc1jPgWoKJTc2wDgsPx_e3rGwmStRUlBKRpsU98bnjys/s1600/Picture15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVdMht-OuAa10NLkSzPNGiW4bw1-OeKlPmkSXHjZpkMZCvdHGCr7dJic4VhBsGs4lfc9JSKYlboKRjZnvnG7IIInPHL8rmyegc1jPgWoKJTc2wDgsPx_e3rGwmStRUlBKRpsU98bnjys/s320/Picture15.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lola-April 0.513 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOi6aswHNwKjNonX74wNacn_XxN0Cs9aCkR5OuAeYrQlOUNr76T_9SkdRa6cJNm-cAmwNHU1PFMNQ1kgXS6CvnVgjIPvQ7v3IRJcxpaAvy_FoR14MYiniHvJlIMbjiJNEVYceJwmSA9JY/s1600/Picture18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOi6aswHNwKjNonX74wNacn_XxN0Cs9aCkR5OuAeYrQlOUNr76T_9SkdRa6cJNm-cAmwNHU1PFMNQ1kgXS6CvnVgjIPvQ7v3IRJcxpaAvy_FoR14MYiniHvJlIMbjiJNEVYceJwmSA9JY/s320/Picture18.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rapsodie-November 0.417 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30dAavroiVJd0F-Wa5AnrzY4xpH__z34sPBAC7OEq5xL14XuFVdA1Zby4P_C7tKr8G9_L0OK4vUkKCxH7KBxgnPEpyyGc49GVugg4WNmzSumYQpHGM5vTSQE_5p6UypMLEbH3ECdg1YE/s1600/Picture17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30dAavroiVJd0F-Wa5AnrzY4xpH__z34sPBAC7OEq5xL14XuFVdA1Zby4P_C7tKr8G9_L0OK4vUkKCxH7KBxgnPEpyyGc49GVugg4WNmzSumYQpHGM5vTSQE_5p6UypMLEbH3ECdg1YE/s320/Picture17.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rapsodie-April 0.653 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5idrT-j2SC0j0ZD62RDEsRHe4zxpF_z78vVrQpq0R1aaZ-1Vk0zEylM42f2DJoQrC-m0cMpmipHhLvLp8ulyZ91ZYpq-77wchpOKAzy058o1RcOJ028SwggEMu7lHNBFkgggQgUkk1g/s1600/Picture20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5idrT-j2SC0j0ZD62RDEsRHe4zxpF_z78vVrQpq0R1aaZ-1Vk0zEylM42f2DJoQrC-m0cMpmipHhLvLp8ulyZ91ZYpq-77wchpOKAzy058o1RcOJ028SwggEMu7lHNBFkgggQgUkk1g/s320/Picture20.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BeOrange-November 0.511 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjo0NlTGiHrlLPawQcZKgUr8HDx7jVJjrI3n-n40E9BAWZONjJ29FAWU-m87lawKAuk5BqwZleVB1yZhuXQo_AWu6R9-rNoDnidAAXgQgwEisZfdQJUywcNKY7BD8drKe3vk_R9bndeFY/s1600/Picture19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjo0NlTGiHrlLPawQcZKgUr8HDx7jVJjrI3n-n40E9BAWZONjJ29FAWU-m87lawKAuk5BqwZleVB1yZhuXQo_AWu6R9-rNoDnidAAXgQgwEisZfdQJUywcNKY7BD8drKe3vk_R9bndeFY/s320/Picture19.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BeOrange-April 0.598 lb </td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJJ-Yt_lUXCSpJw-uST2wgjVZtO-f2yQIbsVx99_8HY1bBv6W3YJN9xtVVUe8VeD1GpdZcwAHfCycHwwNWPqqX3a9N4m5T3RiDlsY-mnYKu4_NvrfglS_GBrFxC8OlRNFwgXRASmjCj8/s1600/Picture22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJJ-Yt_lUXCSpJw-uST2wgjVZtO-f2yQIbsVx99_8HY1bBv6W3YJN9xtVVUe8VeD1GpdZcwAHfCycHwwNWPqqX3a9N4m5T3RiDlsY-mnYKu4_NvrfglS_GBrFxC8OlRNFwgXRASmjCj8/s320/Picture22.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brandymaster-November 0.903 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGCA0rHBHd2NOnr3l-HQinIoTjC_Q6duLBxWUeVulyOtssh0hpzi0dJlGSW7ZWhGqZuBB12J6mHWsQN3R3tF6gBHiCQrMkoPrzEp9Kr9LxhWjnIq2eG0aAygZ2qdtKJh5e4eKRtFre3eo/s1600/Picture21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGCA0rHBHd2NOnr3l-HQinIoTjC_Q6duLBxWUeVulyOtssh0hpzi0dJlGSW7ZWhGqZuBB12J6mHWsQN3R3tF6gBHiCQrMkoPrzEp9Kr9LxhWjnIq2eG0aAygZ2qdtKJh5e4eKRtFre3eo/s320/Picture21.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brandymaster-April 0.910 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJNQ4-Tl139arQ2xMM773ikKkHeUub_BV2C25RynPfhhY0z9g1-HV_zgayaprN_k447XgrKZ2iunDlsi0drxp_4VmOzfexDq64WTRRNieyBzRoZOIL0vcFiox8R-jmhCZJoTMYUO6ml0/s1600/Picture24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJNQ4-Tl139arQ2xMM773ikKkHeUub_BV2C25RynPfhhY0z9g1-HV_zgayaprN_k447XgrKZ2iunDlsi0drxp_4VmOzfexDq64WTRRNieyBzRoZOIL0vcFiox8R-jmhCZJoTMYUO6ml0/s320/Picture24.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Montenegro-November 0.431 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgijjKZMjHLByaADg7OgRbxyHPOcCCDGg9I594Lcg_E9POWAwzEoAkkLzyc8YUOXhSHMEcAIMoaEwbkAZHLuV47yLuqpMf30L-XQ2p9I4khds-kZxcKCBBnLWSYJ6y1ACs7qKOkIwdQ7o4/s1600/Picture23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgijjKZMjHLByaADg7OgRbxyHPOcCCDGg9I594Lcg_E9POWAwzEoAkkLzyc8YUOXhSHMEcAIMoaEwbkAZHLuV47yLuqpMf30L-XQ2p9I4khds-kZxcKCBBnLWSYJ6y1ACs7qKOkIwdQ7o4/s320/Picture23.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Montenegro-April 0.535 lb</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-65514346642980460172013-10-17T13:11:00.000-07:002013-10-17T13:11:34.277-07:00Dialing in on the Downy: Dealing with Basil Downy Mildew in your Greenhouse<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s320/logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Dialing
in on the Downy:</b> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Dealing with Basil Downy Mildew in your Greenhouse</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">By Dr. Natalie </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Bumgarner</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99_zgwhcRa6hpjRGnf81JBOuKup2fjKnJt-Yu0AJm6o38yi5kROIdOaG0GC5jow7XXFfiX3dF6bLa3200qpASJjLhlEOVIlJcEADl93gmFjTNKNB7IeA6IqYn_MzmaiMlL-Xt1bHjB84/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99_zgwhcRa6hpjRGnf81JBOuKup2fjKnJt-Yu0AJm6o38yi5kROIdOaG0GC5jow7XXFfiX3dF6bLa3200qpASJjLhlEOVIlJcEADl93gmFjTNKNB7IeA6IqYn_MzmaiMlL-Xt1bHjB84/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article/php?id=467</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some
basic facts on basil downy mildew</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Basil downy mildew (</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;">Peronospora</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;">belbahrii</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">) is a disease that
is rapidly getting the attention of many of hydroponic greenhouse growers. Over
the last couple months, we have heard from growers in several states who are
now facing this disease. So, I want to take an opportunity in this blog to introduce
growers to the threat and present some information as well as sites for further
research. Knowledge and preparation are some of the best steps to prevent or
mitigate losses in our greenhouse</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">basil crops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0in;">In the continental US, reports of basil downy mildew
were first confirmed in late 2007 and the disease has been widely distributed
from 2008 onward. Significant crop losses in both outdoor and greenhouse
production have been reported since that time for a couple reasons. First, a
new disease situation can be a challenge because growers are less prepared for
the appearance of a relatively new disease and the development of chemical or
other control measures likely are not complete from a broad industry perspective.
Secondly, any infection on the leaf can result in unmarketable crop due to
appearance and rapid deterioration after harvest, so losses can mount
quickly. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Tracking
its spread</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Basil downy mildew can be spread through seeds or
airborne spores, so the disease can affect crops from multiple sources. Work is
underway to develop and implement accurate tests to identify the pathogen on
seeds and enable sale of disease-free basil seeds. This will be crucial to more
effective control of the pathogen in the future, but growers must also be
vigilant in terms of the threat from airborne spores. The pathogen can
overwinter in warm areas (such as southern Fl) and can be distributed through
airstreams as the growing season progresses. This means that the incidence and
frequency of infection often moves northward during the late spring and summer
months. Monitoring and reporting programs are available for growers to be
better aware of when outdoor or greenhouse crops in their area have been
reported with basil downy mildew. The first site listed in the additional
information section at the end of this blog has info on the monitoring program. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Recognizing
the signs</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Early symptoms can mirror nutrient deficiency, so it is
important to check for fungal growth under the leaf, which can develop only 2
to 3 days after infection.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>The
stages of impact</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The image on the left illustrates early stage infection
while the plant on the right has a more severe infestation that render the entire plant unmarketable in
addition to producing spores that will likely infect nearby plants. Impacts in
a greenhouse can be severe as the pathogen can spread quickly under greenhouse
temperature and humidity ranges because they are conducive to rapid
multiplication.
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Preventing
disease</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Preventative steps fall into two main categories for
growers. The first occurs in seed and cultivar selection. As discussed earlier,
disease free seed is going to become increasingly available in the future.
Additionally, it has been demonstrated in various tests that sweet basil (</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;">Ocimum</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0in;">basilicum</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">) is the most
susceptible to basil downy mildew. Red leaf basil as well as Thai basil and the
lemon and lime basils have generally been shown to be more resistant than sweet
basil.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">The second important element in preventing the disease
is controlling the environment in your greenhouse to minimize conditions that
lead to the reproduction and spread of the disease. It will be crucial in the
prevention and control of the disease to reduce leaf wetness by maintaining
lower relative humidity and increasing air flow in the greenhouse. Such steps
can include maintaining slightly higher temperatures to reduce relative
humidity, increased lighting (or decreased shading), as well as increasing air
circulation through addition of fans or some other method. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFQtbByaPtz-NGqipPjvhrBlAPit_9Cbi3SNgwJVk_Sb8MECjhij3-03HFddv1N9mFD_2fZNXfdoWerSNG-YKYGUGEfr39uWdzc8podDHuIiBAPe4KVkBCxb-SiePWZ28GE7VhXwDEtI/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFQtbByaPtz-NGqipPjvhrBlAPit_9Cbi3SNgwJVk_Sb8MECjhij3-03HFddv1N9mFD_2fZNXfdoWerSNG-YKYGUGEfr39uWdzc8podDHuIiBAPe4KVkBCxb-SiePWZ28GE7VhXwDEtI/s200/Picture6.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Control
options</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;">First step- Assess the extent of
infection</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
important first step in addressing basil downy mildew is to determine the
severity of infection. In some cases, removing the most affected plant material
from the greenhouse may be needed as remediation of affected tissue is
challenging. Infected plants often are completely unmarketable and may pose
more risk than reward if left in the greenhouse. In some instances, the removal
of a few plants may be adequate if the disease is caught in the early stages.
How much of the crop with mild to moderate infection that should be removed is
kind of a judgment call, but this is not known as an easy disease issue to
control. Another step that can help if the older plants are highly infected is
starting new seedlings in a separate area where the inoculum cannot</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">spread to them from the older plants while you are spraying to control the disease</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Second step- Decide on a control
approach</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Spray
and chemical options: There are not as many weapons as we might like in terms
of spray materials for use in greenhouses for basil downy mildew, but there are
a few tools at our disposal. Another thing to keep in mind is that these
controls have been shown to be more effective as a preventative, so spraying to
prevent infection on the plants that are still healthy is one of the most
important goals. <br />
In the organically certifiable or softer category, there are hydrogen dioxide
products (Oxidate), biologicals (Actinovate) as well as
potassium bicarbonate (Milstop) products. These are
labeled for use in greenhouses and on downy mildew, but in tests have not
generally been the most effective materials for controlling active infections.
<br />
In terms of conventional fungicides, some products that have been listed as
most effective and labeled for greenhouse use are cyazofamid (trade name Ranman), phosphanates (trade names such as
ProPhyt, Fosphite, and Fungi-Phite) and others detailed
in the additional resources. It is best to alternate use of chemicals to try
and prevent pathogen resistance. Further information of specific chemical
products and </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">tests of their relative efficacy are available at many of the sites listed in the additional resources section</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Third step- Watch the disease closely
and keep on top of the spray schedule </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWxLHwAlpuxXfSfFMMxUQ_kc8xQybJEU_JueDMXOtVw9L27qbBKmzrUbrYU7nmr24rkMM0bfcNjoC45DeURbzG8o9drPlmM8oppk8FKsmjg-PVgAeZ4kKZ4fX8TDXkL3A9xXmnq6efMcg/s1600/Picture7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWxLHwAlpuxXfSfFMMxUQ_kc8xQybJEU_JueDMXOtVw9L27qbBKmzrUbrYU7nmr24rkMM0bfcNjoC45DeURbzG8o9drPlmM8oppk8FKsmjg-PVgAeZ4kKZ4fX8TDXkL3A9xXmnq6efMcg/s200/Picture7.jpg" width="151" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Remember, this disease is most effectively prevented
rather than controlled. So, there is a need to spray both for control and
prevention under conditions that are most conducive to the disease. One thing
to keep in mind as you implement your control plan is that a backpack
sprayer is going to be difficult to get
adequate leaf coverage because the underside of the leaf is where the pathogen
is most present. If frequent spraying is needed, it is worth considering acquiring some type of air assisted mist blower or high
pressure cold fogger. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Arming ourselves with information, remaining vigilant in
environmental control and scouting and acting quickly if disease is found are
all key in managing the risk of basil downy mildew in our greenhouse crops. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Additional
information</b></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.13in; margin-top: 5.28pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<br />
<a href="http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/BasilDowny.html">http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/BasilDowny.html</a><br />
<a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp271">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp271</a><br />
<a href="http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=467">http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=467</a><br />
<a href="http://www.greatplainsgrowers.org/2012%20program/Powerpoints/MeganKennellyVegDiseaseHeadlines.pdf">http://www.greatplainsgrowers.org/2012%20program/Powerpoints/MeganKennellyVegDiseaseHeadlines.pdf</a><br />
<a href="http://extension.umass.edu/vegetable/articles/downy-mildew-basil">http://extension.umass.edu/vegetable/articles/downy-mildew-basil</a></div>
</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-51851588510217403102013-09-06T09:46:00.000-07:002013-09-06T09:49:46.597-07:00Spring to Summer Romaine Lettuce Trial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Spring
to Summer Romaine Lettuce Trial</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Romaine in NFT production in Ohio</span></i></div>
</div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By: Dr. Natalie Bumgarner
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Romaine lettuce can sometimes be a challenging lettuce
crop to produce in the greenhouse due to its susceptibility to </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">tipburn</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> and related quality
deterioration. However, there often appears to be a solid market for high
quality, locally produced, romaine. In addition to environmental challenges,
romaine cultivars specifically bred and developed for controlled environment
production are less common than </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">bibb</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> cultivars. This trial was designed to evaluate </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">a selection of </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">romaine </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">lettuce cultivars
through a range of </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">spring
and summer </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">conditions to
evaluate their potential for greenhouse growers in the Midwest and northeast. </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Methods
and Management</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Primed and </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">pelleted</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> seeds were seeded by hand in pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1
½” </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">rockwool</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> cubes. Seeds were
germinated in clear water in seeding trays, and were transferred to the nursery
and nutrient solution 4 to 7 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in
flowing nutrient solution in the nursery for
approximately an additional week before transplanting (Run 1 and 2 were
provided supplemental lighting during the seedling phase). After transplanting,
lettuce plants were grown out in the channel for approximately four weeks prior
to harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Fertroller</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> where automatic pH
and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained at
5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.6 to 1.8
(lower light levels = higher EC) by the addition of concentrated fertilizer solution
and source water. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">* It is important to note that these trials were carried
out over set periods of time and harvests were made regardless of plant
readiness for sale because clear comparisons were the main goal. In a
commercial operation, more (or less) time may have been give these heads to
reach a consistent saleable size and crop quality. <span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Transplants
2 weeks after seeding</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Some
thoughts on the trial</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">In these data, there are a few items that are important
to consider and understand about this trial.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">1)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">The first
important fact to glean from these numbers is that the performance of the
cultivars was fairly consistent, even though there were large variations across
runs. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Green Forest and </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Salvius</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> tended to be the higher yielding cultivars (in all runs
except #2, discussed below) while </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Helvius</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> was intermediate and </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Maximus</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> and Counter were the two lower yielding cultivars in
most trials. It is useful for growers to see that across both spring and summer
conditions, these trends were fairly consistent. The yield trends could be
influenced by the growth habits of these plants. Green Forest and </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Salvius</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> were usually taller
plants that were open longer while </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Helvius</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> tended to form a head a little earlier. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Maximus</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> was a very open
cultivar in most of our trials while Counter formed a smaller head. Cultivar
choices should be made both on yield potential but also the plant form suitable
for markets. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2) Nutrient solution conditions may have been a key factor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> In viewing these
numbers, there are a couple of key items to keep in mind. During the middle of
May, we had an issue with our source water here at CropKing. The softener that
we were relying upon was not functioning properly and the plants were receiving
higher than optimum levels of sodium. This solution issue likely led to reduced
growth and increased tipburn in run 2. Our new
reverse osmosis system was installed on May 21<span style="vertical-align: super;">st</span> to correct these
issues. However, we then had a chlorine
spike in our municipal water source that created some root damage and plant
stress on June 13<span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span>.
(Source water may need to be the topic of
a blog post in the near future!)
So, it was likely not until the 4<span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span> run that impacts of
the improved source water quality can be observed. Keep in mind, though, that
higher summer light and temperature were likely also a source of the higher
yields in run 4. Temperature in Ohio was quite moderate for most of June and July
and these crops were grown without a shade cloth on the greenhouse to take full
advantage of available light. As with most contributors to plant growth, light,
temperature and the impact of other stresses often cannot be completely
separated in greenhouse work. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">3) There were some differences in quality across the
runs and the cultivars. Specific </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">data on
plant quality was not collected in this study in a way that allows statistical
comparisons. However, it should be noted that Counter had some heads with </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">tipburn</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> in all 4 runs (see
below). </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">Tipburn</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> was observed mainly
in Counter in Run 1 and in all cultivars in Run 2, while </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;">tipburn</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> levels in all
cultivars were reduced in runs 3 and 4.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>A
picture is worth a thousand words..</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Counter Run 1</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Counter Run 4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">Green Forest Run 1</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Salvius</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> Run 4</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Helvius</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> Run 4</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Helvius</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> Run 1</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Salvius</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> Run 1</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-90594483018577469122013-08-06T05:32:00.000-07:002013-08-06T05:32:07.606-07:00The attraction of opposites: Using both soil and soilless production to enhance diversified vegetable and fruit operations - Part 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>The attraction of opposites: Using both soil and soilless production to enhance diversified vegetable and fruit operations - Part 2
</b></div>
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<u>Peach Hill Orchard, Martinsburg, PA-</u></div>
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<u><br /></u></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Pgx4KJ2tPxiuJ4s2Mj4QUtHzLE16H1pZA3hyn-31m4qNXfMd_GNvkRADT434C1ROv2cdp1vZWW9J_RV1QKzKIXNLngm44DkLFFqL04UWG-LRAMm0x5Cjq-NWWVBtF-K08FvuEpu3u6E/s1600/tomatofield1-sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Pgx4KJ2tPxiuJ4s2Mj4QUtHzLE16H1pZA3hyn-31m4qNXfMd_GNvkRADT434C1ROv2cdp1vZWW9J_RV1QKzKIXNLngm44DkLFFqL04UWG-LRAMm0x5Cjq-NWWVBtF-K08FvuEpu3u6E/s1600/tomatofield1-sm.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.25in;">On this mid-summer
morning in central Pennsylvania, it turned out that tomatoes were not
the first thing on Ammon Martin’s mind. While Ammon and his son
Dave were certainly willing to discuss their greenhouse hydroponic
tomato production with me, he explained with a smile that right now
it was peach picking season. So, it was going to be the orchard that
would consume much of their time over the next few days. This simple
explanation very clearly illustrates both the opportunities and
challenges that greet diversified direct marketers like the Martins,
who have owned and operated Peach Hill Orchard, in Martinsburg, PA
for over two decades.</span></div>
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Ammon started his
production over twenty years ago with fruit trees and vegetables. To
widen his season and therefore marketing window, he began growing
tomatoes in high tunnels. However, the management and production in
soil with unheated structures contained more yearly and seasonal
variability than he desired. In order to have more control over his
growing environment and therefore his crop productivity, he installed
a CropKing hydroponic greenhouse about 20 years ago. Beefsteak
tomatoes were their most important hydroponic crop, but European
cucumbers were grown as well to add variety to the early spring
produce selection. Along with hydroponic production, the Martin’s
also produced bedding plants, vegetable transplants and hanging
baskets in adjacent, but separate greenhouses. These protected
environments were combined with both field vegetables and fruits for
a wide diversity of crops to market.</div>
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For many years,
they sold these varied crops through a small roadside stand at their
dairy farm in addition to selling through the local flower and
produce auctions. To enhance their direct-marketing ability and
establish a year-round business, they built a permanent farm market
about five years ago that was certainly well stocked with both
produce and customers on the morning I visited. Various fruit crops
and vegetables, along with meats and cheeses, provide consistent
selection for all seasons. The hydroponic tomato crop, though, still
played a key role in providing spring and early summer fresh produce
to attract customers. However, as the summer season progressed each
year, field vegetable crops, sweet corn, and the fruit trees consumed
more and more time. To address the labor needs of their diverse
operation, Ammon simply decided to end their hydroponic crop in late
July of each year to focus on other farm responsibilities. The
hydroponic tomatoes, along with a few cucumbers, are produced and
sold in the months of March through July. Field vegetables, fruit,
and cider then become the focus of Peach Hill Orchard.
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">
Over time, the
Martin’s found they were direct marketing essentially all of their
produce and rarely needed to sell at the produce auction. In fact,
they even discontinued growing bedding plants and hanging baskets
because they found those markets were more crowded. Growing
hydroponic and field vegetables and fruit for their market, it turned
out, was a more profitable use of their time. This past year, they
even added a small CropKing nutrient film system to grow hydroponic
lettuce for their customers in the spring. Peach Hill Orchard, now
run by Ammon along with his son Dave, demonstrates the potential of
coordinating traditional fruit and vegetable production in soil with
greenhouse hydroponic crops. This crop combination provides the
Martin’s an opportunity to provide a diverse and high quality
selection of produce to their customers throughout the seasons- and
it certainly seems to be working! </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-48933628874715856612013-07-25T06:00:00.000-07:002013-07-25T06:00:39.704-07:00The attraction of opposites: Using both soil and soilless production to enhance diversified vegetable and fruit operations - Part 1<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The attraction of opposites: Using both soil and soilless production to
enhance diversified vegetable and fruit operations - Part 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i>By Dr. Natalie Bumgarner<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7635019030233123244" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7635019030233123244" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>For horticultural crop producers, the balance between specialization and
diversification on their farms must be continually managed. These days, the
concept of diversification does not just apply to the types of vegetables
planted in the field or varieties of trees in the orchard. Horticultural growers
around the country have a wide variety of growing systems available t<span id="goog_1972197816"></span><span id="goog_1972197817"></span>o them to
enhance the selection of crops they market and the seasons in which they are
able to harvest and sell. Visiting with some of these experienced and diverse growers
is really the best illustration of the potential of diversification. For me, a summer
day spent traveling across central Pennsylvania certainly did reveal some
intriguing paths to diversification. </div>
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<u>Yarnick’s
Farm and Market, Indiana, PA<o:p></o:p></u></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->As I followed the
small, winding road through rolling Pennsylvania hills, there was no danger of
missing Yarnick’s because all first-time visitors are guided by a road sign. As
I approached the farm, greenhouses filled the valley and clearly illustrated
diversification in action. Dan and Lynette Yarnick have been building and
expanding the business for over 30 years, and their son Joey has also come on
board to lead the farm into the next generation of diversification. The current
farm market, which was certainly bustling, was built more than half a dozen
years ago and is the direct-marketing portion of the Yarnick’s business. In the
market, Lynette retails a variety of vegetables and fruits, along with their
own Black Angus beef and many other food and gift items. In addition to supplying
the farm market, Yarnick produce is marketed through SuperValu supply chains, Giant
Eagles grocery stores and Eat ‘n Park restaurants. </div>
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It all started back in 1981 when Dan read a short article on hydroponic
tomatoes in the Farm Journal. Although the farm was currently focused on dairy
cattle and agronomic crops, Dan was intrigued by the possibilities of vegetable
production that was not all tied to the season. From this first experience with
tomatoes in a hydroponic greenhouse over 30 years ago, Yarnik’s farm has grown
to about 300 acres in vegetable production. With this many acres under
production, obviously the soil-grown portion of the crop has expanded.
Yarnick’s field crops range from cabbage, leaf lettuce, candy onions, watermelon,
cantaloupe, and zucchini to a large and well-known crop of sweet corn. Season
extension practices, such as the use of row covers, enable Yarnick’s to expand
the production season of their soil-grown vegetable crops. However, the
hydroponic greenhouses have multiplied over the years as well and still play a
very important role in the business. Currently, Dan is producing many varieties
of hydroponic tomatoes- both modern and heirloom beefsteak and cherry varieties-
along with peppers, cucumbers, eggplants, green beans, and even some giant
radishes in spring. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMms5gB9owEFksc3NbHRa5YpH-5_qL_E9Sll5mS7hGmNyUwDbDslGx6S5K51gWaFgmGpRhF6Uc9xuoU4r9rfy7bCxHCDp1xrIEemKchcadwn49ATrlno7J-VLLXir_hPnfVP42Qx4quRQ/s1600/P8071243.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMms5gB9owEFksc3NbHRa5YpH-5_qL_E9Sll5mS7hGmNyUwDbDslGx6S5K51gWaFgmGpRhF6Uc9xuoU4r9rfy7bCxHCDp1xrIEemKchcadwn49ATrlno7J-VLLXir_hPnfVP42Qx4quRQ/s320/P8071243.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
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Over the years, Dan has developed a hydroponic growing system that fits
his needs as well as the palettes of his customers. He now grows in peat bags
rather than the perlite or rockwool system that many hydroponic growers use because
he prefers the way peat allows him to manage moisture and fruit quality. This
hydroponic tomato crop is typically seeded in December to enable 10 months of production
from March until November. Along with Dan’s tomatoes, Lynette also produces
hydroponic lettuce and herbs in the living produce section of the market. Here,
customers, who range from individuals to restaurant chefs can select and
harvest their own fresh produce. A visit to Yarnick’s Farm Market demonstrates
that diversity and freshness are much more than catch phrases at Yarnicks, and
they look forward to continuing the fine tradition and the “Charm of Yarnick’s
Farm”. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-8457246808285425372013-07-03T13:56:00.000-07:002013-07-03T13:56:28.212-07:00Investigating iceberg lettuce in the hydroponic greenhouse – 2013 Trial, Part 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1144/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s320/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Investigating
iceberg lettuce in the hydroponic greenhouse – </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2013 Trial, Part 1<br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>By Natalie Bumgarner, Horticulturist</i><br />
<i>CropKing, Inc. Lodi OH<b><o:p></o:p></b></i></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Why isn’t
there hydroponic greenhouse iceberg lettuce?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lettuce is the 2<sup>nd</sup> most popular vegetable
in the US (second only to potato), and head lettuce is certainly the most
recognizable type. So, it is not uncommon for us to hear the question “Why
don’t you produce iceberg lettuce in the greenhouse?” There are, in fact, several key reasons
iceberg lettuce is not commonly grown in vegetable greenhouses in the United
States. They are listed below and loosely ranked by importance, but these
reasons may vary depending on production area and market. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1) Market potential and price<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the most important reasons that we do not see
head lettuce in the greenhouse is because the economics of the market are not
always encouraging. Nearly all of US head lettuce is produced in California
(spring through fall) and Arizona (winter). Huge expanses of open field
production are dedicated to lettuce production in some of the most productive
cropping areas in the world. Soil and climate factors make these regions quite
appropriate for head lettuce production and the scale of production also contributes
to competitive advantages. For example, recent terminal market data reported
that head lettuce cartons (approximately two dozen 2 lb. heads of lettuce) are
selling for $11.00 to $17.00. These prices illustrate that greenhouse producers
are unlikely and unwilling to produce head lettuce at prices that could be
competitive with field production. An
additional facet to this topic of markets is that recent per capita consumption
of head lettuce has been flat or on the slight decline as other leafy vegetables
have become more popular. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Iceberg lettuce typical in California open
field production. Specific cultivars are
slotted in specific times of year for production regions of CA and AZ across
the entire year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2) </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Production time</span></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Typically in the open field, head lettuce matures in 70 to 80
days in the summer and up to 130 days in winter or lower light and temperature
seasons. Of course one of the benefits of greenhouse production is the
potential for faster growth rates and reduced production times. To date, in
summer greenhouse production in OH, we have harvested our iceberg lettuce
approximately 55 to 60 days after seeding. However, the total weight of our
lettuce may not equal field packed cartons. This production time contrasts with
a bibb production schedule in the greenhouse which might produce a crop in 40
to 50 days. </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3) Nutrition<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As consumers become conscious of the nutrient and
antioxidant levels in their food, they continue to become more discerning in
food purchases. Due to underlying genetics, plant growth form and a few other
factors, iceberg lettuce is not the most nutrient dense leafy green vegetable.
The table below (From USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
Release 24 ) gives average nutrient information for the most common types of
lettuce. Remember that these are averages from primarily soil grown crops from
around the country, so they do not represent the exact profile of product from
individual greenhouses or cultivars. Nevertheless, this table does support the
generally held perception that iceberg lettuce contains fewer nutrients per
serving that other lettuces and certainly other leafy greens. However, keep in
mind that iceberg lettuce from greenhouses has been less often evaluated than
that from the open field. </span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Customer Preference and
Perception</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This potential reason for the lack of iceberg lettuce in US
greenhouses is linked with the nutrition topic discussed above. Most greenhouse
lettuce producers are growing and marketing their crop as a premium product.
This means that the quality of the crop is crucial, but the perception of the
crop is also important. Iceberg lettuce is often viewed by many discerning
consumers as inferior in taste, visual appeal, and nutrition to the bibb, romaine
and leaf lettuces. There is also little attraction based on novelty or
distinctiveness. These views mean that many of the most profitable potential
customers for hydroponic greenhouse producers may be less interested in iceberg
than other leafy crops. However, if greenhouse producers were able to market a
product with comparable attributes (crisp, multiple servings per head, etc) and
improved taste, freshness, or nutrition, these perceptions and preferences
could change.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adaptability of cultivars
and environments</span></b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Much of greenhouse lettuce production (especially bibb)
utilizes cultivars that were specifically bred and developed for greenhouse
environments. These cultivars can generally be depended upon to perform
consistently across seasons and even geographic areas. When investigating types
of lettuce, like iceberg, that are less often produced in greenhouses,
preferable cultivars and knowledge of how they may perform is limited. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Additionally, iceberg lettuce often requires specific
environmental conditions to produce the tight head consumers are accustomed to-
without bolting or becoming bitter. So, even though we can control temperatures
closely in greenhouses, producers may not be able to exactly emulate conditions
that are common in field iceberg production. There may be more seasonal
constraints of light and temperature on iceberg production in many US
greenhouses than we experience in producing other types of lettuce. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">So, why
would we be interested? <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">After spending the time to try and elucidate why iceberg is
rarely produced in hydroponic greenhouses, you are probably asking what would
possibly be the attraction. While I will be the first to admit that greenhouse
iceberg is unlikely to become a US market force in the near future, there are some
reasons for investigation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">First, familiarity is not always a negative. Some consumers
will always be attracted to what they know best and producers should always be
ready to fill small market niches if they are possible and profitable-
especially if they can provide a product with superior quality. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Secondly, we at CropKing deal with producers not only in the
US, but also internationally. Market demands and dynamics may differ
considerably in these areas. For instance, in the Caribbean islands where
imports are expensive and often of poor quality, iceberg may be both desired by
consumers and potentially profitable for greenhouse growers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Thirdly, it is always important to investigate
potential crops and understand both the benefits and drawbacks to their
cultivation to assist current and future producers- essentially, we need to
have solid backing to the answers that we give growers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Goals and Early Observations<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Main Objectives </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Produce 5
iceberg cultivars in spring and summer greenhouse environments in OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Evaluate
yield as well as broad metrics of internal and external quality<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Evaluate
production timing and suitability for the CropKing NFT system <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">After one run, we observed </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Head lettuce
production was possible<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Head weight
and density may not be the same as field iceberg<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not all
cultivars appeared to be well suited to our conditions because some bolting and
tipburn occurred<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anecdotally,
the taste of the produce was encouraging <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MjobyBOPCWF1dRn8IvGVndDoCIYRw0OCIZQ2jv2749xQi8emuiOEwoPyfJRMMOBTQpgFyRDeWv4dyPcmzxPlcgD0SuBqzPqnBzvaMaW5tidepQ3DruKTnaTdBbSpriCQssp1wNdarmQ/s665/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MjobyBOPCWF1dRn8IvGVndDoCIYRw0OCIZQ2jv2749xQi8emuiOEwoPyfJRMMOBTQpgFyRDeWv4dyPcmzxPlcgD0SuBqzPqnBzvaMaW5tidepQ3DruKTnaTdBbSpriCQssp1wNdarmQ/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-Edyljf5DpKMRoVS_JVK5FhgBMwtNX7Bs1cRvooPJuiR1sDe_Ws8waYzaelxt5vi5DZpu7aOPUvf7KIKA-TSg8_2ELtNyIRmEwR5lfeFPA1vKrLWioVCiDM62bwkeh4RPq8H0CQchdE/s664/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-Edyljf5DpKMRoVS_JVK5FhgBMwtNX7Bs1cRvooPJuiR1sDe_Ws8waYzaelxt5vi5DZpu7aOPUvf7KIKA-TSg8_2ELtNyIRmEwR5lfeFPA1vKrLWioVCiDM62bwkeh4RPq8H0CQchdE/s320/6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Additional
Sources</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><a href="http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7215.pdf">http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7215.pdf</a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-special-format: bullet;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://151.121.3.194/cat/?shortcut=terminalMarket">http://151.121.3.194/cat/?shortcut=terminalMarket</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://151.121.3.194/cat/?shortcut=terminalMarket"></a><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-special-format: bullet;">•</span><a href="http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/vegetables/lettuce-profile/">http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/vegetables/lettuce-profile/</a><br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-11133662998995107162013-05-09T11:20:00.000-07:002013-05-10T05:13:32.654-07:00Late Fall to Spring Leaf Lettuce Trial<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s1600/logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y0A5VrLGAaWosO6aVRz9t05R0GEvR530b4mr_WVLv9VqTZoE0DRcw6pfDN_rEz5UtHGhsck8yXFys3Q8oIk5amRziDVqKA2-Tqfq_DWpcxPq9TnWx4P292tGEm7wcIBW5MaG2xe847c/s320/logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Late Fall to Spring Leaf Lettuce Trial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Results from four separate trial runs of nine leaf
cultivars </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">in NFT production systems<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Natalie Bumgarner </span></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Objectives</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Hydroponic lettuce production in the United States
now encompasses a wide spectrum of lettuce types and cultivars. While Bibb
cultivars still occupy a large percentage of the market, many growers are also
seeking attractive and distinctive lettuce cultivars to meet consumer demand.
Due to these factors, leafy cultivars, including looseleaf and Lollo types, are
becoming more common in hydroponic greenhouses. However, some of these
cultivars have been more often grown in soil based systems, and there is a need
to better understand their performance in the greenhouse. Consistency in both
productivity and timing is important for greenhouse growers, and seasonal
conditions can have a large impact on cultivar performance. Trialing of
available cultivars under differing conditions is important in informing grower
decisions. Important points of evaluation are growth rate, yield and visual
coloration. The goal of this set of trials was to evaluate a selection of leaf
lettuce cultivars through a range of late fall, winter, and early spring
conditions to evaluate their potential for greenhouse growers in the Midwest
and northeast. Cultivars were obtained from varied seed suppliers to represent
a broad selection of cultivars available to lettuce producers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Methods and Management</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Primed and pelleted seeds were seeded by hand in
pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” rockwool cubes. Seeds were germinated in clear
water in seeding trays in the nursery. Nutrient solution was added in the
nursery 7 days after seeding and lighting was used for the seedling phase (T5
florescent fixture) and seedlings were grown in flowing nutrient solution in
the nursery for approximately two weeks before transplanting. After
transplanting, lettuce plants were grown out in the channel for five weeks
prior to harvest. The nutrient solution was continually cycled through the
CropKing Fertroller where automatic pH and EC adjustments met programmed
solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of dilute
sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.8 by the addition of concentrated
fertilizer solution and source water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">* It is important to note that these trials were
carried out over set periods of time and harvests were made regardless of plant
readiness for sale. Clear comparisons were the main goal, and this resulted in
low weights for some cultivars. Also, no supplemental lighting was used after
transplanting even under these low light northern conditions. In a commercial
operation, more time would have been give these heads to reach a saleable size
or lighting would have been added to increase growth rate and crop
quality. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mJlOkd0tYK2DCL_VmM0nA3uIibaQn83DfFyeo8XB0qmO9s1ULq5HhsujU_XSydePXfajOBtdPO06ZNobGpC6nGECHG8MuTzJso-W295_mwvj9hHHQpaP4KqT_1OovZocWuQtmNpDWho/s1600/Fall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mJlOkd0tYK2DCL_VmM0nA3uIibaQn83DfFyeo8XB0qmO9s1ULq5HhsujU_XSydePXfajOBtdPO06ZNobGpC6nGECHG8MuTzJso-W295_mwvj9hHHQpaP4KqT_1OovZocWuQtmNpDWho/s640/Fall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNAffSc9bfQpA1pvTPBtmKE_PqpF4kYQdfU0ekr7Pq4Ze3mzRJZqg6Pj083CiZ1Hw95pbIOiND8lR1kF80DhnQiJ1tR2Bi6J3j2DW4CgjMhyNp-4m_R3uaqyaMdmXcd2uTckiaK4sAhW4/s1600/Spring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNAffSc9bfQpA1pvTPBtmKE_PqpF4kYQdfU0ekr7Pq4Ze3mzRJZqg6Pj083CiZ1Hw95pbIOiND8lR1kF80DhnQiJ1tR2Bi6J3j2DW4CgjMhyNp-4m_R3uaqyaMdmXcd2uTckiaK4sAhW4/s640/Spring.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some Concluding Thoughts</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are always many interesting observations from
cultivar trials carried out across different seasons. From these trials, I would like to make a
couple observations in addition to the common trends of 1) decreased growth
under lower light/winter conditions, and 2) more dense, compact, and more
deeply pigmented lettuce grown under higher light levels. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The first important take-away from these cultivar
trials is the importance of understanding your customers and market demands
when selecting a lettuce cultivar. While it is a generally true statement that
different lettuce cultivars grow at different rates, these differences can be
clearly seen in this selection of leaf lettuces. For example, the Tropicana cultivar
is a typical green leaf crop sold for soil production that can also be grown in
the greenhouse. As can be seen in the images and yield numbers, this green leaf
lettuce has a more rapid growth rate than the Lollo Biondo (blond, such as
Livigna and Lozano) or Lollo Rossa (red, such as Carmesi and Orville) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">cultivars
in the evaluation. The Lollo lettuces were bred and developed for specialty
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1f4uMBQkjPAIbNQPasnEf6QxzxfseIsuI2-jjlYBO1CxReT7WRZnGRHlWuBYaKqjzmRDTIS0edhmT1ZlevstZQk9ZTBVu10QDG5u0Kvie3zlqyqbaiQJpi-T3TdfPyJY1ZRPewOVDyhk/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1f4uMBQkjPAIbNQPasnEf6QxzxfseIsuI2-jjlYBO1CxReT7WRZnGRHlWuBYaKqjzmRDTIS0edhmT1ZlevstZQk9ZTBVu10QDG5u0Kvie3zlqyqbaiQJpi-T3TdfPyJY1ZRPewOVDyhk/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
markets and have attributes such as color and texture that are not present in
some of the other common leaf cultivars. On a per-plant basis; however, they
may not produce a similar sized crop in a similar time period. Conversely, the
smaller size of some of the Lollo cultivars may make them more appropriate for
a leaf mix where their growth will not be too rapid for other varieties in the
mix. These are just some of the factors that are important for growers to keep
in mind as they select cultivars. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdizsWomVLADKh_NQlc0nSX-NSPY429peeR49aM1RU2SvffS3X7adpagrKNstNZlT8MOZR5ecPClu9WedommLMzGB3BGq2ozD-lh9A1QsjbjoOh8Sq27Gz3UoCjGUyJ-sbrxwpOtwy8iY/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdizsWomVLADKh_NQlc0nSX-NSPY429peeR49aM1RU2SvffS3X7adpagrKNstNZlT8MOZR5ecPClu9WedommLMzGB3BGq2ozD-lh9A1QsjbjoOh8Sq27Gz3UoCjGUyJ-sbrxwpOtwy8iY/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The second thought worth mentioning is best
explained using pictures. These two images illustrate some of the impact of crop
management on yield and production. The image on the left shows transplants at
an appropriate size for transplanting (run 1) while the image on the left shows
plants that are larger than optimum (run 4). In our greenhouse we typically
transplant when the plants are similar to the size on the left. However, as
sometimes happens, schedules and other jobs encroach on our work and we
transplant a few days after optimum. Older transplants can be more stressed and
take a little longer to transition to growth in the channel. This increased
plant stress could be a key cause of the similar or lower weights observed in
run 4 as compared to run 3 even when light levels were higher in run 4. So,
proper cultivar selection should be paired with timely and appropriate management
to obtain the best crop. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-53652699333395346202013-04-15T13:06:00.000-07:002013-04-15T13:06:02.201-07:00Late Summer to Winter Bibb Lettuce Trial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Late
Summer to Winter Bibb Lettuce Trial</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Results from four separate trial runs of twelve Bibb
cultivars </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>in NFT production in Ohio</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>By Dr. Natalie Bumgarner
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<b>Introduction</b></div>
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Hydroponic lettuce production in the United States now
encompasses a wide spectrum of lettuce types and cultivars. Although there is
an increasing amount of diversity in the cultivars being produced in hydroponic
greenhouses, Bibb cultivars still occupy a large percentage of the market. They
are also often the first crop produced by many beginning growers around the
country. While some growers tailor their
cultivar selection to seasonal conditions, many growers at a variety of scales
produce a single cultivar for the whole year that is adapted to a range of
conditions. Both of these production patterns, though, require the growers to
be familiar with the growth habits, characteristics, and productivity of the
cultivars. This trial was designed to evaluate a selection of Bibb lettuce
cultivars through a range of late fall and winter conditions to evaluate their
potential for greenhouse growers in the Midwest and northeast. Cultivars were
obtained from a variety of seed suppliers to represent a broad selection of
cultivars available to lettuce producers.
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<b>Methods and Management</b></div>
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Primed and pelleted seeds were seeded by hand in
pre-moistened 1” x 1” x 1 ½” rockwool cubes. Seeds were germinated in clear
water in seeding trays in the nursery. Nutrient solution was added in the
nursery 7 days after seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient
solution in the nursery for an additional week to two weeks before
transplanting. After transplanting, lettuce plants were grown out in the
channel for four to five weeks prior to harvest. The first two runs were
carried out on the typical summer schedule (2+4 weeks) while the third and
fourth were carried out in a more winter schedule of (3+5 weeks). The nutrient
solution was continually cycled through the CropKing Fertroller where automatic
pH and EC adjustments met programmed solution set points. The pH was maintained
at 5.8 by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.8 by the
addition of concentrated fertilizer solution and source water. </div>
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* It is important to note that these trials were carried out
over set periods of time and harvests were made regardless of plant readiness
for sale. Clear comparisons were the main goal, and this resulted in low
weights for some cultivars. Also, no supplemental lighting was used after
transplanting even under these low light northern conditions. In a commercial
operation, more time would have been give these heads to reach a saleable size
or lighting would have been added to increase growth rate and crop
quality. </div>
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<b>Concluding Thoughts</b></div>
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As I look over these interesting numbers from four
consecutive runs of this Bibb lettuce trial, there are a couple thoughts that
jump to the top of my ‘important take-home points’ list. </div>
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The first and likely most glaring message is that light, not
surprisingly, is pretty important for lettuce growth and quality. As can be
seen by the average solar radiation and weights in the previous tables, low
winter light in northern climates can be a significant hurdle. It is clear that
lengthening production cycles by two weeks in the winter didn’t produce similar
sized heads to the late summer/early fall run. The fourth run had just a little
more than 33% of the average solar radiation present in the first run (In
future blog posts, we will break these numbers down to daily integrals).
Average temperatures in the first two runs were a little higher as well (due
partly to solar gain). However, the individual contributions of light and
temperature are difficult to clearly separate. </div>
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The pictures that follow drive home the point that
light/temperature relationships are crucial for lettuce growth and development.
Supplemental lighting would have changed this equation substantially, but that
is another broad topic altogether. Also,
additional time in the channels would have made many of the smaller Bibb heads
quite marketable. Production timing and seasonal factors should not be overlooked
if your goal is to produce consistently sized heads throughout the year in
northern climates. </div>
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The second important theme that is apparent in these yield
numbers and the pictures that follow is the need to understand the variability
in cultivar performance. While all the cultivars trialed here were bibb or
butterhead lettuce, not all were bred for hydroponic or greenhouse production.
In controlled environment production, consistency is key. Consistency is
important not only within a harvest period, but also through the seasons. The
second yield table shown above illustrates this point. The deviations across
the 4 runs as well as the % weight loss from the highest yielding run (1) and
the lowest yielding run (4). It is clear both in these variable yields and in
the photos below that in our location without supplemental lighting, some of
these cultivars are not suitable for year-round production. The larger framed
lettuces tended to be the most variable across runs and were visually the least
appealing under winter light conditions while many of the bibbs bred for
greenhouse production were more consistent in weight and visual quality across
the trials. These trends held true in both the green and the red cultivars.</div>
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Knowing your cultivars is crucial in creating an appealing
and consistent product throughout the year! </div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-3134222327782366202013-03-07T06:32:00.000-08:002013-04-04T12:51:34.970-07:00An Introduction to the Process of Grafting in Greenhouse Tomatoes- Part 2 <br />
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>An Introduction to the Process of Grafting in Greenhouse
Tomatoes- Part 2 </b></div>
<i></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><i>By Natalie Bumgarner, Horticulturist</i></i></div>
<i>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>CropKing, Inc. Lodi OH</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><br /></i></div>
</i><o:p></o:p><br />
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<b>So, what comes
after the graft?</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_7i0muMlVt3-4XnE35Xvq8kSczjylcx-5mYze4UwGFwUi9R3gPmebRtK4xxye-UYdD0ME6TRPHgPLwPkCauGrVmpCLobEFdJvn8kTmMTM2rJYcec4UPMy3A-A7oiItcRqMIZkL4desI/s1600/IMG_7027.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_7i0muMlVt3-4XnE35Xvq8kSczjylcx-5mYze4UwGFwUi9R3gPmebRtK4xxye-UYdD0ME6TRPHgPLwPkCauGrVmpCLobEFdJvn8kTmMTM2rJYcec4UPMy3A-A7oiItcRqMIZkL4desI/s200/IMG_7027.JPG" width="133" /></a></div>
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In the last blog
post, we went through a brief photo tour of the first two steps in the grafting
process (1. Setting the Stage, and 2.
Doing the Grafting). However, when discussing grafting, it is important to know
that preparation and grafting are only the first two crucial steps. Graft
healing is that key third step in producing successful grafted tomatoes for
your greenhouse. So, as the third blog in this series on grafting processes, I
want to focus on methods of healing and the transition process from grafting to
transplanting in greenhouse tomatoes.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Healing
Environment</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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It is important to understand
that there are three crucial environmental factors involved in graft healing-
humidity, light and temperature. Of course, these are the same key
environmental elements that we all manage in our greenhouses, but the specific
levels and ranges differ for graft healing versus production conditions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul>
<li>Relative Humidity-
Begin around 95% immediately after grafting and reduce as healing progresses.</li>
<li>Temperature- 80 to
84 °F is optimum</li>
<li>Light- Begin with
essentially no light for the first day or two after grafting and then gradually
increase to light in the range of 500- 700 fc or around 100 µmol/m<sup>2</sup>/sec.</li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Healing
Chamber- Location</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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When carrying out
grafting, there are two kinds of locations typically used by growers. The first
is a chamber where conditions can be closely maintained to optimize healing.
While useful for some propagation or research facilities, most growers will not
have access to dedicated growth chambers and will need to use their greenhouse
or attached buildings. Graft healing in greenhouses has been done for many
years, and small to mid-scale temporary structures can certainly provide you
with adequate healing capacity if managed well.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Healing
Chamber- Design</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Most commonly,
healing chambers or tents are created with clear plastic within the larger
greenhouse space. In these tents, humidity can be increased and maintained with
misting either by hand or with an automatic mist system. Temperature and light
also need to be carefully monitored and managed. Shade cloth in different
weights or layers can be used to initially exclude light and then gradually
increase light during healing. Be very careful to monitor temperatures because
these clear plastic tents- even shaded- can heat up quickly in a greenhouse due
to solar gain. This increased temperature can in itself be high enough to
damage seedlings, but it can also quickly lower the relative humidity and
desiccate young grafted plants. For more northern growers seeding and grafting
in early winter, greenhouse healing chambers can typically be managed
adequately (as illustrated in this blog). However, if grafting in the mid-to
late spring or summer, maintaining appropriate temperatures in a tent in a
greenhouse may become difficult due to ambient light and heat. Under these conditions, you may need to use
your head house or some other work area fitted with a temporary chamber and
lighting. </div>
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These two images
show a small healing chamber constructed within a larger greenhouse (top). PVC
pipe was used to construct a small tent first covered and lined with clear
polyethylene plastic (4 mil construction plastic is fine) to allow a fairly
tightly sealed airspace. A dome over the tray can also be used for smaller
numbers of plants (bottom). Then shade cloth in one to two layers is used to
cover the tent or dome. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Healing- The First
Few Days</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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For the first day
or two after grafting, near darkness is needed. This can be accomplished by
covering with double or triple layers of shade cloth (depending on whether 50
or 70% shade cloth is used). Humidity is maintained with misting, but be sure
to mist the plastic walls of the chamber or dome rather than the plants
themselves. We want moist air to induce healing and not wet plants to encourage
plant decay. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Transitioning Back
to the Greenhouse</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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The goal of graft
healing is to allow the scion and rootstock to fuse together and form new
vascular connections by providing low stress conditions. Then after connections
are formed, the plants is gently brought back to typical production conditions.
So, humidity levels start out around 95% and after ~5 to 7 days drier air is
slowly introduced to the crop by increasing venting. Likewise, light is slowly
increased by removing shade and/or increasing supplemental lighting and
temperature is slowly reduced. Grafted tomatoes should be ready to transition
back to the greenhouse in a little under or a little over a week depending a
bit on the crop and environment. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In transitioning
young grafted plants back to typical greenhouse environments, conditions are
slowly changed and plants are closely monitored for wilting or signs of stress.
If plants show signs of stress, you can increase humidity or reduce light again
for a day or two. However, keeping plants in the high humidity healing
environment too long can induce roots from the scion (adventitious). These
roots will hinder proper graft healing. Eventually, a ‘moment of truth’ will
have to be faced. Grafts that fail to heal after 7 to 14 days are unlikely to
produce high quality grafted plants due to a variety of factors including
improper scion/rootstock size matching, graft technique, genetic
incompatibility, or healing environment.</div>
<div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3rhZdMzZdCV6_iJde9q_EJfhywidL2gt6wcjinRqrcQWkAoil5DBKQJvNqNTlpb3zXyD_qCuqBPlQFk3hrPe5bjsLCdgMVSqfj-m8Ry2wirxBGi5WlF4gIcXSqyrOe9D4MT5e2SrieU/s1600/IMG_7045.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3rhZdMzZdCV6_iJde9q_EJfhywidL2gt6wcjinRqrcQWkAoil5DBKQJvNqNTlpb3zXyD_qCuqBPlQFk3hrPe5bjsLCdgMVSqfj-m8Ry2wirxBGi5WlF4gIcXSqyrOe9D4MT5e2SrieU/s640/IMG_7045.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Newly grafted and
healed plants transitioned to the greenhouse and awaiting transplant. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYBgaAN8hHM7wL63w6_rdRcfa7OVRxacMvDw3l93nM3HDQksEjpRchPzkOK_znYFdbYo_w6EPzkYNDCrixrhiK06Bc9pMeTwPPjgfdo2cKznomOYUCuzdch8X1YA4A2Lfgqs9a5FpJ10/s1600/IMG_6910.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYBgaAN8hHM7wL63w6_rdRcfa7OVRxacMvDw3l93nM3HDQksEjpRchPzkOK_znYFdbYo_w6EPzkYNDCrixrhiK06Bc9pMeTwPPjgfdo2cKznomOYUCuzdch8X1YA4A2Lfgqs9a5FpJ10/s200/IMG_6910.JPG" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigun9HRjuyiII38fJTpqgNhOVxKaz6PlRQNK4uc2ZhCEIzfokUDoZeToQgP3kdQuSc_JkOFbsCV0Y-TdUtxCk_4ra67XLd5tN_cVRtzaWTmCadxjAecTAvK-3XwobnLUHr4s6i4VyVKcA/s1600/IMG_6920.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigun9HRjuyiII38fJTpqgNhOVxKaz6PlRQNK4uc2ZhCEIzfokUDoZeToQgP3kdQuSc_JkOFbsCV0Y-TdUtxCk_4ra67XLd5tN_cVRtzaWTmCadxjAecTAvK-3XwobnLUHr4s6i4VyVKcA/s200/IMG_6920.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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These are close up
images of graft unions approximately eight (L) and six (R) days after grafting.
The plants have both already been transitioned back to normal greenhouse
conditions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Remember, no one
achieves 100% success…</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1dvZFuD2pd-6atbi4t-l0IfE_7bA0LsbzOdWLDyn8n__o-E0MO5M5ovrYZoFuMsIruu5oYLk7nG7nz9AG1iDF6DumipUbmjXYUL8HDna7px6NJ0CV5XXx0rC1w6OdSCHRod5JFgtz2iI/s1600/2013-01-21_13-34-41_645.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1dvZFuD2pd-6atbi4t-l0IfE_7bA0LsbzOdWLDyn8n__o-E0MO5M5ovrYZoFuMsIruu5oYLk7nG7nz9AG1iDF6DumipUbmjXYUL8HDna7px6NJ0CV5XXx0rC1w6OdSCHRod5JFgtz2iI/s200/2013-01-21_13-34-41_645.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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An unsuccessful
graft where the scion has produced adventitious roots to absorb water from the
high humidity air in the healing chamber. As the wilted scion illustrates,
these roots hinder graft healing and the plant often dies under greenhouse
conditions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3IAeKgipKVxRbZAdstwXN45z9KubmmxuGjHIktFTKO3madbvaXPMePv9derlASSymehwrzZ9C4HU-S9bTblgoVSyyRKls3CWgVHgWgenLl8y49ITwtnaQKqTc1gtRXhUYTqgYjV0HJY/s1600/2013-01-20_15-40-50_632.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3IAeKgipKVxRbZAdstwXN45z9KubmmxuGjHIktFTKO3madbvaXPMePv9derlASSymehwrzZ9C4HU-S9bTblgoVSyyRKls3CWgVHgWgenLl8y49ITwtnaQKqTc1gtRXhUYTqgYjV0HJY/s200/2013-01-20_15-40-50_632.jpg" width="150" /></a></div>
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Tomatoes being
transitioned after healing. Some are showing slight wilting, but have adequate
grafts to sustain them. A few, though, are wilted down and will not survive.
Successful grafting is based on skill in grafting and care in healing- both of
which generally improve with practice! </div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Planting in the
Greenhouse</b></div>
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These two images
show tomato plant graft unions approximately two weeks after grafting as they
are being planted in the Bato buckets (L)
and a plant growing in the bucket approximately six weeks after grafting
and four weeks after transplanting (R). <o:p></o:p></div>
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This blog completes
our introduction to grafting in the greenhouse, but we will continue to provide
updates on the growth of the plants and other facets of using grafted plants in
small to mid-scale hydroponic greenhouses. <o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-35542422142893320902013-02-18T06:45:00.000-08:002013-04-04T12:51:50.449-07:00An Introduction to the Process of Grafting in Greenhouse Tomatoes- Part 1 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">An Introduction to the Process of Grafting in Greenhouse
Tomatoes- Part 1 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<i>By Dr. Natalie Bumgarner, Horticulturist</i></div>
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<i>CropKing, Inc. Lodi OH</i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A row of young
grafted and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ungrafted</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> tomato plants</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> being
trialed in our research greenhouse in Lodi, OH.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> All the grafting was done on
site this winter. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; letter-spacing: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Grafting sounds interesting, so where should I begin?<span style="text-indent: 0in;">In the last blog post, we discussed some of the basics
of grafting and the main reasons that growers would be interested in the
technique. It is no surprise that over the last few decades, the use of
grafting has become quite prevalent in greenhouse tomato production. While the
benefits are intriguing for small to mid-scale producers, decisions related to
acquiring grafted seedlings must be made.</span>The two broad options are to purchase grafted seedlings
or to produce all the seedlings needed in your operation on your own. Seedling
purchase and transport costs can be quite high in some instances. So, producing
grafts for your own operation is a viable option. It also provides the
opportunity to trial a limited number of grafted plants or test different
cultivars. There is certainly a learning
curve for producing grafted plants, though. So, I would suggest starting by
only planning to graft a small portion of
your crop the first year to become familiar with the process and it
potential benefits in your operation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; letter-spacing: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Overview of the grafting process</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">There are three crucial</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">steps
in the process of grafting your own tomato plants.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">1) Setting the Stage, 2) </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">Doing the Grafting</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">, and
3) Healing the Grafts. </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.Setting the Stage-</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> It is
important to remember that grafting will change the space and time needs of
your typical seedling production schedule. It will also require some
investigation into rootstocks that will best fit with the cultivars you are
currently growing (now referred to as scions). Rootstocks, like greenhouse tomato scions, tend towards
more vegetative or generative growth patterns, and these attributes will
influence how they will perform in your greenhouse operation. It will likely be
beneficial to try a few different rootstocks to determine how they impact your
crop. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Also,
more seed will need to be ordered, and seeding will need to take place earlier
to meet typical schedules. It is best to allow an extra week or two in your
schedule to account for graft healing. Due to seeding both rootstocks and scions, more space
will be needed in the seeding area as well. Prior to
beginning seeding for grafting, it is also important to do some seed
germination trials as rootstocks and scions may not have the same germination
percentage or rate. Growth rate of the seedlings may also differ. Having
rootstock and scion plants of similar size is critical for grafting, so multiple seedings are recommended . Remember to keep detailed records of seeding
and germination as these will be valuable in planning for future years. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; letter-spacing: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"><b>2. Doing the Grafting-</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> There are several
methods of grafting, and benefits and potential drawbacks to each. For further
information on some the grafting technique variations, the resources listed at
the end of this post provide additional discussions. In current greenhouse tomato
propagation, the most widely used method is the tube graft (also known as the
splice graft or Japanese top graft). The tube or splice graft is what I have
used for grafting in the CropKing research greenhouse.
The advantages of the tube graft are the young plant size at which it can be
completed and the potential for high throughput in grafting operations. It is a
method than can be done quickly by hand, but it is also suitable for mechanized
grafting as is more often carried out in Europe. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Before grafting
begins, make sure to adequately address sanitation in your operation.
Sanitation is very important in the grafting process, and poor practices in
this area have caused loss to both propagators and growers in the past. The
process starts with using high quality, clean seed ( and therefore plant)
materials. Then care should be taken during the process starting with clean
work surfaces and utensils. Periodic changes in razor blades and hand washing
are also important steps during grafting.
So, without further delay, let me give you a brief overview of the main
steps and techniques used for tube grafting that would be appropriate to use in
your own greenhouse tomato crop.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Where
to find additional information</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Many Land-Grant Universities are currently carrying out
research and publishing information in the area of use and management of
grafted tomatoes. While some of the research is tailored to soil-based, outdoor
or high tunnel production, there is still much the soilless greenhouse grower
can learn from these publications- especially on the topic of grafting and
healing methods. Some grafting related materials from universities active in
the area include: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://hcs.osu.edu/vpslab/grafting">Ohio State University</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www4.ncsu.edu/~clrivard/TubeGraftingTechnique.pdf">North Carolina State University</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://cals.arizona.edu/grafting/">University of Arizona</a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-70334222265617073962013-01-29T06:00:00.000-08:002013-04-04T12:52:18.689-07:00An Introduction to the Topic of Grafting in Greenhouse Tomatoes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1600/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s320/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">An Introduction to the Topic of</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Grafting in Greenhouse Tomatoes</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>By Dr. Natalie Bumgarner, Horticulturist</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>CropKing, Inc. Lodi OH</i></div>
<i><br /></i>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMN_bnF2jtHVJTXxnEI7tdzbJycdYPYkxA1XZnvwqARClF6mXTrF121Fzl-snqigXX3zFcjs51c-5NlZXq3kcnHTe25ZnOxqLNJjNEuZozTipJjpKEq0GHyC0kOqqvs6yTFkiWIEy6Iqc/s1600/IMG_7040.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMN_bnF2jtHVJTXxnEI7tdzbJycdYPYkxA1XZnvwqARClF6mXTrF121Fzl-snqigXX3zFcjs51c-5NlZXq3kcnHTe25ZnOxqLNJjNEuZozTipJjpKEq0GHyC0kOqqvs6yTFkiWIEy6Iqc/s640/IMG_7040.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Grafting- What and Why?</b></div>
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Grafting has become very prevalent and important in greenhouse tomato production, and there are a couple of key reasons this is the case. Before we explore those reasons, let’s take one quick step back and discuss the basic premise of grafting. Many who are familiar with crop production are aware that most tree fruits are produced with a root system (rootstock) and above ground fruiting portion (scion) from different plants. This same principle is now carried out in many vegetative crops where two separate seedlings are produced and then joined together through the grafting process to produce one plant for transplanting. The use of grafting enables breeders to develop crop cultivars specifically for the demands of root and shoot environments and functions.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpxRuOeYzxkAAXqarzjDLCqKfNcv2fUEcXBEGQnysk7I_gZgl9hrrL4oPsVf-GiIY4-ZgrzCpxFLvM9Fpm-RWMZTzb1HzPmkUz4Uz4sEc7jyowbbohDaHMXne_iB_OGEB7oFxYnkikEkc/s1600/IMG_7024.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpxRuOeYzxkAAXqarzjDLCqKfNcv2fUEcXBEGQnysk7I_gZgl9hrrL4oPsVf-GiIY4-ZgrzCpxFLvM9Fpm-RWMZTzb1HzPmkUz4Uz4sEc7jyowbbohDaHMXne_iB_OGEB7oFxYnkikEkc/s400/IMG_7024.JPG" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A tomato plant immediately after being grafted </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHWQyKyvGOnDORcZtu0bp38qxubIIxVcOtCRWK5zrqUssfD3X2ObyDoPFkd8pVpKQy4mWtMHqFWjzKLdwavYhRMbLUPAJEYcp8l4-BiSL_sLaYrAELbgzHfVpSeFhAqQiPcwcTdnovVE/s1600/IMG_6905.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHWQyKyvGOnDORcZtu0bp38qxubIIxVcOtCRWK5zrqUssfD3X2ObyDoPFkd8pVpKQy4mWtMHqFWjzKLdwavYhRMbLUPAJEYcp8l4-BiSL_sLaYrAELbgzHfVpSeFhAqQiPcwcTdnovVE/s400/IMG_6905.JPG" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
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A young grafted plant for hydroponic greenhouse</div>
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production that has already been grafted and healed</div>
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Grafting can provide many advantages, but they mainly fall into the three main categories of disease resistance, stress resistance, and enhanced vigor and productivity. The use of grafting can reduce risks of disease (often affecting root systems) due to the incorporation of resistance traits in rootstocks not present in some popular scion cultivars. This is especially important in soil production. Grafting also is being used in many regions and systems to address heat, cold, salt and other forms of stress present in the growing medium or environment. The final key area of benefit is that rootstock cultivars can be more vigorous in their growth habit. This benefit is one of the most important for greenhouse producers because increased nutrient and water uptake can lead to enhanced fruit production if properly managed. However, it is important to remember that plant stress and disease resistance and vigor can sometimes be related. Increased rootstock vigor can enable the plant to better withstand stressful conditions and still maintain productivity.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZwQLkZ047sdJk_wij9lmvK61WQAXzW5uBw0LYH7dnFqUnTMXhAaYc5u4EbQzlOX6jGOD9TrwPSoQxeU5hn-o0nR3JLbXiqRb6iZzWNNhEXZrKh1sIhHlNIdFTsnoY7IDCVHA_DB5R34/s1600/IMG_7035.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZwQLkZ047sdJk_wij9lmvK61WQAXzW5uBw0LYH7dnFqUnTMXhAaYc5u4EbQzlOX6jGOD9TrwPSoQxeU5hn-o0nR3JLbXiqRb6iZzWNNhEXZrKh1sIhHlNIdFTsnoY7IDCVHA_DB5R34/s640/IMG_7035.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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A small batch of young grafted plants approximately one week after grafting. </div>
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<b>Who is Grafting and When may a Grower Choose Not to Graft?</b></div>
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Currently grafting of vegetable crops is carried out in many countries around the world for a variety of crops. The most commonly grafted plants are tomatoes and peppers (Solanaceous) and cucumbers and melons (Curcurbit). These are high value, longer season horticultural crops where the added investment in grafting tends to be the most economically advantageous. Getting a little closer to home, a large percentage of the large North American greenhouse growers are using grafted tomato plants to take advantage of the benefits discussed above. Currently, the use of grafted tomato plants tends to be less common in small to mid-size greenhouse operations for several reasons.<br />
<span style="text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: 0in;">Plant </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">availability
is one of the main reasons that grafted plants are not used. Most large growers
are acquiring their plants from </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">specialized
propagation </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">houses, and the high shipping costs are
overly burdensome for many smaller growers who need </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">a few
hundred </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">plants rather than </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">many
thousand </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">plants. Grafting can be done on site,
and this is certainly an option for </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">growers</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">. In
fact, we will discuss the main steps and practices of grafting in your own
greenhouse in the next </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">blog post. </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">However,
time and space needs for grafting on site are higher </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">than for
typical </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">seedling production, so this option is
not desirable for everybody. </span><br />
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Whether ordered
from a propagation facility or grafted on site, the cost of grafted plants can be higher than
seedlings because we are seeding two plants. Exact cost differences depend of
production and training practices such as whether one or two stems are trained
from the grafted scion (more on this in the future). These potentially higher
seed/plant costs linked with shipping costs can be
prohibitive for smaller growers. Another reason
for the use of seedlings rather than grafted plants is the ability for growers
to produce all the plants they need in their own operation. By controlling the
site and environment of production, growers can reduce some disease risks in
their young crops. The
duration of production in a greenhouse tomato crop can also influence whether
grafted plants are optimally beneficial. Some growers who have shorter seasons
in their operation may not achieve the benefits required to offset the added
investment in grafted plants. <span style="font-size: 15pt;">
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So, it is clear that there are certainly benefits and some drawbacks in the use of grafted tomato plants in the greenhouse. We at CropKing are currently researching grafted tomatoes in our greenhouse and will continue to explore these questions and concepts in an effort to provide useful information and enable growers to make the best choice for their operation and crop. </div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-31193251980841973702012-12-26T05:25:00.001-08:002013-04-04T12:52:34.235-07:00Cultivar Report 12.2- Varied Leaf Trial<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1600/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s320/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Variety
Trial Report- Fall/Winter 2012</b></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CropKing
Research Greenhouse- Lodi, OH</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cultivar
Report 12.2- Varied Leaf Trial</b></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr. Natalie
Bumgarner</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Objective</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Hydroponic lettuce production in the
United States now encompasses a wide spectrum of lettuce types and
cultivars. While Bibb cultivars still occupy a large percentage of
the market, many growers are also seeking attractive and distinctive
lettuce cultivars to meet consumer demand. Due to these factors,
leafy cultivars, including looseleaf and Lollo Rossa types, are
becoming more common in hydroponic greenhouses. However, many of
these cultivars have been more often grown in soil based systems, and
there is a need to better understand their performance in the
greenhouse. Consistency in both productivity and timing is important
for greenhouse growers, and seasonal conditions can have a large
impact on cultivar performance. Trialing of available cultivars under
differing environmental conditions as influenced by seasons is
important in informing grower decisions. Important points of
evaluation are germination and seedling quality as well as growth
rate, yield and visual coloration. The goal of this set of trials was
to evaluate a selection of leafy lettuce cultivars through a range of
late fall, winter, and early spring conditions to evaluate their
potential for greenhouse growers in the Midwest and northeast.
Cultivars were obtained from a variety of seed suppliers to represent
a broad selection of cultivars available to lettuce producers.
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Materials and Methods</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Plant Management-</i></span></div>
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All plants were grown for the entirety
of the crop in the CropKing research greenhouse in Lodi, OH. Primed
and pelleted seeds were seeded by hand in pre-moistened (with pH
adjusted water) 1” x 1” x 1 ½” rockwool cubes. Seeds were
germinated uncovered in clear water in seeding trays in the CropKing
nursery area. Nutrient solution was added in the nursery 7 days after
seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution as
described below for an additional two weeks prior to transplanting.
For the final week before transplanting to the channels, plants were
grown in the nursery under supplemental lighting (6 bulb, 4 ft., T5
fluorescent light) on 16-hr days. After transplanting, lettuce plants
were grown out in the channel for five weeks prior to harvest.
Fourteen plants of each cultivar were produced. Total production time
was approximately eight weeks reflecting low light conditions typical
of many Ohio winter production schedules.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYRiQCtxdbTrBqF8R7ewLSYBWctKkFrsagjjCBYRp3knQlJaT6H0OVQ6jLjV-No3gAnhsI3jlYKJ3fTYNI0e5bqHvfdCD3AFwIpHcx3eEF_h3jO0lZ_gFvciYLvmwcY1arv3IsotO7Qbw/s1600/nursery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYRiQCtxdbTrBqF8R7ewLSYBWctKkFrsagjjCBYRp3knQlJaT6H0OVQ6jLjV-No3gAnhsI3jlYKJ3fTYNI0e5bqHvfdCD3AFwIpHcx3eEF_h3jO0lZ_gFvciYLvmwcY1arv3IsotO7Qbw/s640/nursery.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: small; line-height: 100%;"><span style="color: #00000a;">Figure 1. Seedlings at transplant (3 weeks after seeding)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Growing System-</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
After transplanting, lettuce was
produced to harvest in CropKing NFT channels. These 4” wide growing
channels are food-grade, UV resistant PVC with matching top caps
punched to fit rockwool or other similar growing mediums. Spacing for
plant production is 8” within and across channels. All channels are
fed by nutrient feed lines supplied a continually recirculating
nutrient solution. Each channel drains into a completely closed drain
line which returns the nutrient solution to the reservoir. Galvanized
steel frames support the channels and the drain line. Solution is
also continually cycled through the CropKing Fertroller where
automatic pH and EC adjustment is carried out to meet programmed
solution set points. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of
dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.8 by the addition of
concentrated fertilizer solution and source water.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Greenhouse Conditions-</i></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="width: 725px;">
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<td width="142"><br />
<br /></td>
<td width="116"><i>Air temp. average (</i><i>°</i><i>F)</i></td>
<td width="145"><i>Relative Humidity average (%)</i></td>
<td width="127"><i>Solar radiation average (W/m2)*</i></td>
<td width="115"><i>Carbon dioxide (ppm)</i></td>
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<td width="142"><i>10/24 to 12/19 trial</i></td>
<td width="116"><div align="CENTER">
<i>66.4</i></div>
</td>
<td width="145"><div align="CENTER">
<i>70.5</i></div>
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<td width="127"><div align="CENTER">
<i>57.2</i></div>
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<td width="115"><div align="CENTER">
<i>449.5</i></div>
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<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>*Solar
radiation reflects ambient greenhouse conditions and does not include
any supplemental light applied during the seedling stage.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nutrient Solution
Formulation-</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Nutrient solution was supplied by the
Fertroller system discussed above. Stock solutions #1 and #2 were
prepared using greenhouse grade calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate,
magnesium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate, DTPA iron chelate, and
CropKing MicroMix. Nutrient solution formulation was based on
laboratory results from on-site samples of source was and were
intended to reach macro and micronutrient targets specific for leafy
crops in NFT systems.
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Results</b></span></div>
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<td width="217"><b>Cultivar</b></td>
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<b>Germination %</b></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<b>(Fully emerged and viable seedlings 6 days
after seeding)</b></div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Cultivar Individual
Head Wt. (g </b><b>± </b><b>SD)</b></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<b>n=14</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Carmesi<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8aURqWa1cEjLUmg_Hz5hb0hoT6cPv3CIdJRa9jFPN_YeIVcrKI7ENoHnIS_vTz3pVx51GhdvdcnyXKWE0QOn7mD8_5PDeTtdv_sdkHItED4kmaapTPQMDP-acN73y6-ydO6SDfPJ9jpc/s1600/Carmesi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8aURqWa1cEjLUmg_Hz5hb0hoT6cPv3CIdJRa9jFPN_YeIVcrKI7ENoHnIS_vTz3pVx51GhdvdcnyXKWE0QOn7mD8_5PDeTtdv_sdkHItED4kmaapTPQMDP-acN73y6-ydO6SDfPJ9jpc/s200/Carmesi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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100</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
41.2±9.0<br />
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<td width="217">Livigna<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjggwF4RZQgpsCjP3FQ_7e7A2_mKVV4qviQI75amixErqiKMgs5veFSxy6YhoBI5ujWkTt-bkTJgzvppWIa0QDS5g1yYMoTVMyQTs_MStlIAEGsoVQhlP2jN9RYVSfLWyAcjKIY46Q4Apc/s1600/Livigna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjggwF4RZQgpsCjP3FQ_7e7A2_mKVV4qviQI75amixErqiKMgs5veFSxy6YhoBI5ujWkTt-bkTJgzvppWIa0QDS5g1yYMoTVMyQTs_MStlIAEGsoVQhlP2jN9RYVSfLWyAcjKIY46Q4Apc/s200/Livigna.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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96</div>
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<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
56.7±11.0</div>
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<td width="217">Locarno<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0MACRUHGRDAmRMuqoyLVw9TbACN1cnZpqmPQiQVbADst_fLQq3g74tByQuSaPtq16b4BaJ7ikZ95i0hKRAOOUOXoVk4ZzeuiPasD408BnkYEbYMvmga6q7RMeDC8DWimABiVo_7VNNyo/s1600/Locarno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0MACRUHGRDAmRMuqoyLVw9TbACN1cnZpqmPQiQVbADst_fLQq3g74tByQuSaPtq16b4BaJ7ikZ95i0hKRAOOUOXoVk4ZzeuiPasD408BnkYEbYMvmga6q7RMeDC8DWimABiVo_7VNNyo/s200/Locarno.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
100</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
52.1±13.7</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Lozano<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA4jLhxCQIr5QIUOyKviBbHznR2lhDIvKKP49QCXVeR9MhZnte7B1KgoH29j28is0GKZq0tc0nY_56jsaZCUViL0TGdOjUgBrGlKiuhE72q7-pdAYl5DDq-Pm8gWZJE3fgv5xekQJ4oCs/s1600/Lozano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA4jLhxCQIr5QIUOyKviBbHznR2lhDIvKKP49QCXVeR9MhZnte7B1KgoH29j28is0GKZq0tc0nY_56jsaZCUViL0TGdOjUgBrGlKiuhE72q7-pdAYl5DDq-Pm8gWZJE3fgv5xekQJ4oCs/s200/Lozano.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
100</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
63.1±9.9</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Nevada<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikY6Bnuq-fXI7UKK9RxnGTNtTqRSKu5xpo0uZTCyEoH4-MUEIdv9mSLpQsxP2kESFA7eM6_OEUTJibXUl-TJc-vtpIDngHDQ1UJFsho-2KcmJ_m5RlBYLTuiBPm8ku1WkkxGcKMVmrad8/s1600/Nevada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikY6Bnuq-fXI7UKK9RxnGTNtTqRSKu5xpo0uZTCyEoH4-MUEIdv9mSLpQsxP2kESFA7eM6_OEUTJibXUl-TJc-vtpIDngHDQ1UJFsho-2KcmJ_m5RlBYLTuiBPm8ku1WkkxGcKMVmrad8/s200/Nevada.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
88</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
60.7±13.3</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">New Red Fire<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdGMZUjv6RkxMUoACsr6x4tK0KrxvS7CaVACuZWwlSDB5Eye3is0bnssFphmXAfmEhOkG96GoqU5cLmwZ5rmSiYiyaITH5mimFhuTw4BcL0auksUW5NVrGzXeUgR1Kj4VNk-BDJjMaSDY/s1600/New+Red+Fire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdGMZUjv6RkxMUoACsr6x4tK0KrxvS7CaVACuZWwlSDB5Eye3is0bnssFphmXAfmEhOkG96GoqU5cLmwZ5rmSiYiyaITH5mimFhuTw4BcL0auksUW5NVrGzXeUgR1Kj4VNk-BDJjMaSDY/s200/New+Red+Fire.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
96</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
77.4±15.8</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Orville<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhp6SBHu8jAi8KsEQ896vgUrWfBU_E3mhHNNvQW4_xUafeyZr6UWT-3gSzV3uHgGl3g4CkfJkdKewB7726zHp42c_-t3Dui9xwSD0zyHAV5rSCZULayifd0NbbzA_hMDP4j5KNMJAqiUE/s1600/Orville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhp6SBHu8jAi8KsEQ896vgUrWfBU_E3mhHNNvQW4_xUafeyZr6UWT-3gSzV3uHgGl3g4CkfJkdKewB7726zHp42c_-t3Dui9xwSD0zyHAV5rSCZULayifd0NbbzA_hMDP4j5KNMJAqiUE/s200/Orville.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
100</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
50.7±12.3</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Ruby Sky<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAWlKmqBgkW-KtOTDzcwMwkyYr__IEd5JKGIfHl7YbZDFFsc2-LCqVQjH7DCNoP5AExL-RDmTJi9LaDNunNjl2xRQsBmZYMO84d1MF0SYQvE1zYlaHRZ2KLpazFjWp4941q5Icq2sH9Y/s1600/Ruby+Sky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAWlKmqBgkW-KtOTDzcwMwkyYr__IEd5JKGIfHl7YbZDFFsc2-LCqVQjH7DCNoP5AExL-RDmTJi9LaDNunNjl2xRQsBmZYMO84d1MF0SYQvE1zYlaHRZ2KLpazFjWp4941q5Icq2sH9Y/s200/Ruby+Sky.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
88</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
84.3±23.3</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Teide<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi73p2IZBg86z_9jkwIsYmgAac-Aq4gFrtMsXyiiWUeFygIpkzd7nqOrHPmroFfTKMJAmPGNsuPmaMP8lCczcoyvAylVRMe2eXAS6R3a7kUeH0JPsvX16zVlfzUys2OdF7AToBGU8Y0ceM/s1600/Teide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi73p2IZBg86z_9jkwIsYmgAac-Aq4gFrtMsXyiiWUeFygIpkzd7nqOrHPmroFfTKMJAmPGNsuPmaMP8lCczcoyvAylVRMe2eXAS6R3a7kUeH0JPsvX16zVlfzUys2OdF7AToBGU8Y0ceM/s200/Teide.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
92</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
55.2±12.0</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="217">Tropicana<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm07lkSaahlpQ9pHOs43sB7Ak3hEH31LxF3_JR7pCzr630sgvQDeu-g-2u-mgVscgJ9gx_fHggXyZMbTVU9e6PVNHh6U2CCVexi81yU7DmmN7_IVCUtT73GlrrIR4u03gcLcutvBo9QPQ/s1600/Tropicana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm07lkSaahlpQ9pHOs43sB7Ak3hEH31LxF3_JR7pCzr630sgvQDeu-g-2u-mgVscgJ9gx_fHggXyZMbTVU9e6PVNHh6U2CCVexi81yU7DmmN7_IVCUtT73GlrrIR4u03gcLcutvBo9QPQ/s200/Tropicana.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
<td width="222"><div align="CENTER">
100</div>
</td>
<td width="168"><div align="CENTER">
159.5±26.1</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZz4EcAVoaKAKo6tHN6ztycQAboZcB_-WBXIDI0-k6i6tL_bvaIS_m19EqhMIvw3pCdH_NlIKE2bnmPmQmSEkaR9BkSzQemhgbcS8LmIgm3MIshifJQqDgi7sV8jt77mmJ5FlnDdQAyyI/s1600/Leafy+Variety+Trial+Report.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZz4EcAVoaKAKo6tHN6ztycQAboZcB_-WBXIDI0-k6i6tL_bvaIS_m19EqhMIvw3pCdH_NlIKE2bnmPmQmSEkaR9BkSzQemhgbcS8LmIgm3MIshifJQqDgi7sV8jt77mmJ5FlnDdQAyyI/s640/Leafy+Variety+Trial+Report.1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: small; line-height: 100%;"><span style="color: #00000a;">Figure 2. Mature lettuce plants immediately prior to harvest.</span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #00000a;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Discussion</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This initial evaluation of leaf lettuce
cultivars demonstrated growth rate differences as well as potential
variation in suitability for winter production in northern areas. For
most cultivars, germination was similar and seedlings were all of
appropriate size at transplant (Figure 1). However, by harvest,
differences in size and plant form were apparent (Figure 2). Light
levels in this production season were greatly reduced from summer and
early fall conditions. This reduction in light potentially impacted
this lettuce crop in three important ways. First, reduced solar
radiation slowed down the growth of the crop and lengthened the
production time from approximately 6 total weeks in the summer to 8
weeks in this winter study. Secondly, plant appearance was impacted
as these low light levels contributed to plant stretching or
undesirable stem elongation (some stretching is even apparent in
Figure 1 at the seedling stage). Cultivars, such as Locarno,
Tropicana, Ruby Sky, and New Red Fire, all exhibited some degree of
stretching in some or all of the lettuce heads. Additionally, reduced
leaf coloration in both red and green cultivars also may have been a
result of lower solar radiation in this study. These results indicate
that in some climates, certain cultivars may require supplemental
lighting to be most marketable for year-round production. </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-59507828940399466452012-12-14T06:01:00.002-08:002012-12-14T06:01:52.332-08:00Time Lapse of Lettuce growing in CropKing's NFT Channel<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
We are still running variety trials in the greenhouse. Here is a time-lapse from one of those trials.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/z5Mg18K1DGU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7635019030233123244.post-90250623828573775812012-11-26T08:19:00.001-08:002013-04-04T12:52:42.819-07:00Cultivar Report 12.1- Butterhead Trial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s1600/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RvAXye9_-JmxrykfD2DCI78Yo1a1LTWuRVvTiI5Ip1xF7lTinNAvtSNjK3VeWFzurFO3hxeQUTWG67PyOiEydd2s0iscqeZHnMGlp30DTWHGpFneBsP2P-bhRuh4NTp3uEdzGF8HdhI/s320/2color1+CK+Logo.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Variety Trial Report- Summer/Fall 2012 </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>CropKing Research Greenhouse- Lodi, OH Cultivar Report 12.1</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Cultivar Report 12.1- Butterhead Trial Report</b></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Dr. Natalie Bumgarner</b></div>
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Objective</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Hydroponic lettuce production in the
United States now encompasses a wide spectrum of lettuce types and
cultivars. Producers desire both attractive and distinctive crop
cultivars to meet consumer demand, but consistency in both
productivity and timing is still a key in the industry. Many facets
of hydroponic lettuce production are impacted by seasonal conditions.
One of the most important environmental impact of season is the
growth rate of the plant. Growth rate is the driver of productivity
and determines crop timing and the number of crops a grower can
produce each year. Additionally, crop quality aspects, such as
coloration and physiological defects (tipburn) are often influenced
by seasonal conditions. Therefore, trialing of available varieties
under differing environmental conditions as influenced by seasons are
important in informing grower decisions. The goal of this set of
trials was to evaluate a selection of bibb lettuce cultivars through
a range of late summer to mid-winter conditions to evaluate their
potential for growers producing fall to winter. Cultivars were
obtained from a variety of seed suppliers to represent a broad
selection of bibb cultivars available to US lettuce producers.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Materials and Methods</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Plant Management-</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
All plants were grown for the entirety
of the crop in the CropKing research greenhouse in Lodi, OH. Primed
and pelleted seeds were seeded by hand in pre-moistened (with pH
adjusted water) 1” x 1” x 1 ½” rockwool cubes. Seeds were
germinated uncovered in clear water in seeding trays in the CropKing
nursery area. Nutrient solution was added in the nursery 7 days after
seeding. Seedlings were produced in flowing nutrient solution as
described below for an additional week prior to transplanting.
Transplanting occurred two weeks after seeding. After transplanting,
lettuce plants were grown out in the channel for four weeks prior to
harvest. Total production time was six weeks.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Growing System-</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
After transplanting, lettuce was
produced to harvest in CropKing NFT channels. These 4” wide growing
channels are food-grade, UV resistant PVC with matching top caps
punched to fit rockwool or other similar growing mediums. Spacing for
plant production is 8” within and across channels. All channels are
fed by nutrient feed lines supplied a continually recirculating
nutrient solution. Each channel drains into a completely closed drain
line which returns the nutrient solution to the reservoir. Galvanized
steel frames support the channels and the drain line. Solution is
also continually cycled through the CropKing Fertroller where
automatic pH and EC adjustment is carried out to meet programmed
solution setpoints. The pH was maintained at 5.8 by the addition of
dilute sulfuric acid. EC was maintained at 1.8 by the addition of
concentrated fertilizer solution and source water.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Greenhouse Conditions-</i></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="width: 718px;">
<colgroup><col width="140"></col>
<col width="115"></col>
<col width="143"></col>
<col width="126"></col>
<col width="114"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="140"><br />
<br /></td>
<td width="115"><i>Air temp. average (</i><i>°</i><i>F)</i></td>
<td width="143"><i>Relative Humidity average (%)</i></td>
<td width="126"><i>Solar radiation average (W/m2)*</i></td>
<td width="114"><i>Carbon dioxide (ppm)</i></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="140"><i>8/8 to 9/20 trial</i></td>
<td width="115"><div align="CENTER">
<i>70.1</i></div>
</td>
<td width="143"><div align="CENTER">
<i>81.9</i></div>
</td>
<td width="126"><div align="CENTER">
<i>141.9</i></div>
</td>
<td width="114"><div align="CENTER">
<i>461.4</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="140"><i>9/12 to 10/23 trial</i></td>
<td width="115"><div align="CENTER">
<i>68.6</i></div>
</td>
<td width="143"><div align="CENTER">
<i>70.7</i></div>
</td>
<td width="126"><div align="CENTER">
<i>131.2</i></div>
</td>
<td width="114"><div align="CENTER">
<i>445.4</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>*40%
white shade cloth was in place from 8/8 through 9/14 when it was
removed. Thus solar radiation averages reflect reductions in light
transmission provided by the shade cloth.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nutrient Solution
Formulation-</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Nutrient solution was supplied by the
Fertroller system discussed above. Stock solutions #1 and #2 were
prepared using greenhouse grade calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate,
magnesium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate, DTPA iron chelate, and
CropKing MicroMix. Nutrient solution formulation was based on
laboratory results from on-site samples of source was and were
intended to reach macro and micronutrient targets specific for leafy
crops in NFT systems.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Results</b></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="width: 649px;">
<colgroup><col width="282"></col>
<col width="153"></col>
<col width="166"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="width: 649px;">
<colgroup><col width="282"></col>
<col width="153"></col>
<col width="166"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cultivar Individual Head Wt. (g)</b></span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Seeded
8/8</b></span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Harvested 9/20</b></span></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Seeded
9/12</b></span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Harvested 10/23</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Adriana </span>
</td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">181±20</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEpgUyQQlOodEAwfmjUG6XobuBoSBsm40qoNQ7QSBCa1II3W_qyi64lgFGpkllRXhykRUmq44HRSDil3q3uYJDHCT0utu9ZZSq9bTKmnpwE3n5KgEhZlWjq20XmTCRY0iQjnYxN-WFrjg/s1600/Adriana.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEpgUyQQlOodEAwfmjUG6XobuBoSBsm40qoNQ7QSBCa1II3W_qyi64lgFGpkllRXhykRUmq44HRSDil3q3uYJDHCT0utu9ZZSq9bTKmnpwE3n5KgEhZlWjq20XmTCRY0iQjnYxN-WFrjg/s200/Adriana.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">119</span><span style="font-size: small;">±20</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="CENTER">
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</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Alexandria</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">129</span><span style="font-size: small;">±25</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">103</span><span style="font-size: small;">±</span><span style="font-size: small;">14</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Australe</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">109</span><span style="font-size: small;">±18</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">93</span><span style="font-size: small;">±13</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Flandria</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">118</span><span style="font-size: small;">±17</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">101</span><span style="font-size: small;">±8</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
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</td>
</tr>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Gardia</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">137</span><span style="font-size: small;">±36</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">122</span><span style="font-size: small;">±21</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="CENTER">
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</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Hungarina</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">158</span><span style="font-size: small;">±35</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">124</span><span style="font-size: small;">±30</span></div>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Nancy</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">141</span><span style="font-size: small;">±20</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">109</span><span style="font-size: small;">±15</span></div>
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</tr>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Natalia</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">109</span><span style="font-size: small;">±21</span></div>
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<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">94</span><span style="font-size: small;">±16</span></div>
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</tr>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Red Cross</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">144</span><span style="font-size: small;">±23</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">82</span><span style="font-size: small;">±11</span></div>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Rex </span>
</td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">116</span><span style="font-size: small;">±13</span></div>
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</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">81</span><span style="font-size: small;">±10</span></div>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Santoro</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">153</span><span style="font-size: small;">±18</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXXHKQUEGUt2-SIBuqMMJg6fESuj-aUaG-YGYNVKCAx56pBwgZo7rYVFFovG7ynEJNTq_q5T6YER5PchH9I2f8bRdoUhycLNYfKvNhvpPxrV8NuIhJNQPMjgYPt_2DU0AF_mHbAZO0ss/s1600/Santoro.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXXHKQUEGUt2-SIBuqMMJg6fESuj-aUaG-YGYNVKCAx56pBwgZo7rYVFFovG7ynEJNTq_q5T6YER5PchH9I2f8bRdoUhycLNYfKvNhvpPxrV8NuIhJNQPMjgYPt_2DU0AF_mHbAZO0ss/s200/Santoro.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">104</span><span style="font-size: small;">±13</span></div>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Skyphos</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">74</span><span style="font-size: small;">±23</span></div>
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</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">58</span><span style="font-size: small;">±10</span></div>
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<td width="282"><span style="font-size: small;">Teodore</span></td>
<td width="153"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">89</span><span style="font-size: small;">±16</span></div>
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</td>
<td width="166"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">53</span><span style="font-size: small;">±10</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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</tbody></table>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Discussion</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">These two lettuce crops
were produced on the same production cycle with consistent days to
transplant and harvest. The yield data illustrate potential seasonal
effects of decreasing light as the light intensity and day length
tend to decline during fall in this northern latitude. Temperature
differences, even of a few degrees, in these two runs of the trial
could also have influenced final harvest yields. Additionally, it
should be noted that reduced biomass was more pronounced in some
cultivars than other indicating that some cultivars may be suitable
for year-round production while others have seasons when production
is optimized. </span>
</div>
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